US History Midterm 1 Flashcards
Why was the election of 1876 important?
Controversial electoral votes
What happened at Little Bighorn?
Sioux and Cheyenne Indians fought together in the Sioux’s Black Hills against General custer. They annihilated him and his men.
Wounded Knee?
Shoot out battle (1890) Soldiers surrounded and killed Indians
Who was Chief Joseph?
The Nez Perce, symbol of loss, good relationships with white people i.e. Lewis & Clark, Journey where lots scattered and murdered
Who was Standing Bear?
Luther “Standing Bear”/ created that Indians have “persons rights”- not civil rights
Who was Helen Hunt Jackson? What was A Century of Dishonor about?
She wrote a Century of Dishonor/ worked to promote help for Indians/ Created “Friends of Indians”
Who was Henry Laurens Dawes, and what was the Dawes Act?
Wanted to mainstream Indians, promote sympathy for them, educate them. Gave amount of land to each male of the house hold.
What was the Homestead Act?
literally “stake a claim” for 160 acres for anyone who will settle for five years
What was the Transcontinental Railroad Act? When were they passed?
Railroad land Grants the Changing West, actively recruited settlers, they could choose from four competing railroads.
1862.
Who was Thomas Edison?
Created a use of electricity as an energy source. Created the light bulb.
Alexander Graham Bell
Came from Scottland, tried to create a way to teach the deaf to speak instead he created a way to transmit voice over wire. Telephone
Vertical Integration
Monopolized the manufacturing process to build his business
Horizontal Integration
Monopolizing just ONE aspect i.e. refining
Andrew Carnegie
Created a new type of steel that was stronger and cheaper and vertical integration.
John D. Rockefeller
Standardized oil and horizontal integration. Kerosine
What was the new middle class?
Decent living, wage workers, not independent.
Why did sweatshops, slums, and child labor rise dramatically in the latter 1800s?
Lots of immigrants who could replace the workers.
What was Social Darwinism? Whose idea was it?
“survival of the fittest” (Herbert Spencer coined the term) William Graham Sumner Wrote about it.
What was the “Gospel of Wealth”? Who wrote about it?
Andrew Carnegie wrote about the wealth’s responsibility to use their wealth and resources to raise themselves up.
New Immigration and whom did it?include/
Immigrants who came to the US by steamships, because it was cheaper, and they were pushed by conditions at their home circumstances. Immigrants from Europe, Russia
Chinese Exclusion Act
Restrictions on free immigration, prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers
Nativism
Policy protecting the interests of the native-born
Knights of Labor
Terrence Powderly “We are all in this together”/ workers owning the factories in which they work. Brokered a deal between colored people and farmers to avoid strikes and organize farmers.
The American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gomper- cigar making “skilled labor”. Wanted better hours + wages, reasonable benefits for skilled workers to return to the middle class.
The Industrial Workers of the World
Big Bill Haywood = involved in western organization, radical, but not radical enough for him.
Who was George Washington Plunkitt? What was honest graft?
Part of Tammany Hall Politics. Taking advantage of money-making opportunities while in a public office.
Haymarket Riot
Bombing in 1886 in a riot
The Homestead Lockout
Andrew Carnegie + The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. Henry Frick “Frick’s Fort” Shut down with the union …. Battle over the company. = no gains in wages + workers were blacklisted.
The Pullman Strike
1894 George Pullman cuts wages by 70%
What did the Granger Laws regulate?
Greenback party – Inflation/ farmers alliance/ bridging the color line
What was the Farmers’ Alliance?
Organized movement among farmers.
The Greenback Party?
Anti- Monopoly
The Populist Party
Third party that got support from farmers. Silver and gold
Who was William Jennings Bryan? What was the Cross of Gold speech?
American democratic politician who delivered the cross of Gold Speech
What was the Cross of Gold speech?
“you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold”
Coxey’s Army
Panic of 1893 (and the industrial movement) gave jobs fixing road. Paid $1.50 printed more money causing inflation.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that separate blacks from whites
What was the purpose of the Poll Tax?
So blacks couldn’t afford to vote
The Literacy Test
So blacks couldn’t to vote
The Grandfather clause
Old rule applies to certain situations
Plessey v. Ferguson
“Separate but equal” Supreme Court rules. Separate but equal facilities.
Seneca Falls Convention
Woman’s Rights
Who was Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Started the Seneca Falls Convention Wrote “declaration of Sentiments” (Woman’s right to vote along with African American males)
Susan B. Anthony
Demanded woman’s right to vote
Ida B. Wells
Memphis Free Speech/ The Red Record
Booker T. Washington
African American educator, author, and advisor to presidents and wrote the Altanta Exposition Address
Altanta Exposition Address
Does not openly advocate the civil rights
W.E.B. DuBois and his position
Wrote“The Souls of Black Folk” The color line dividing creates a veil and allows his readers to walk with him within the veil.
Niagara Movement and who organized it
Black Civil Rights. W.E.B Dubois
NAACP
National Association Advancement of Color People
Social Gospel
Protestant Christian intellectual movement
Washington Gladden
Pastor and leader in social gospel
Richard Ely
For government interference
Walter Rauschenbusch
Christian Theologist
Why was the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire important?
Because it was the start that changed unions and working conditions.
Muckraking
Publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way.
Who wrote The Jungle?
Upton Sinclair
Ida Tarbell and what did she write about
A Journalist who is known to have created investigative journalism. The History of the Standard Oil Company
Lincoln Steffens
Wrote Shame of the Cities.Reporter remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities.
What was the purpose of the New York State Factory Commission? What groups were represented on it?
Investigating working conditions. Gompers, Smith, Wagner, Perkins
Progressivism
Steps taken by Government to protect workers from big businesses
What were the initiative, referendum, recall
initiative (Ballet, make laws), referendum (a general vote) and recall (remove from office
Muller v. Oregon about
First Jew in Supreme Court
Who was Louis Brandeis and what was the Brandeis Brief?
How it’s bad for society if women work too much.
Jane Addams and what did she write?
Case Study and created Hull House, Spirit in Action,
What kind of things happened at Hull House?
A center for reform, first public playground, kindergarten, daycare, afterschool care, clean trash/ streets, coffee house/ cafeteria, meeting rooms, fair, classes for english
Who was Alice Hamilton? What did she write about
Exploring the Dangerous Trade – lead dust poisoning. Silacosis – silica dust – petrifying their lungs, better ventilation/ masks
What about the New Nationalism?
Regulation of prices, workers compensation, National minimum wage for women, labor, recall legislation.
The New Freedom
Ability to address problems once they arise.
Theodor Roosevelt
President
Taft
President
Conservation
Wise use of natural resources
Bull Moose Party
Where Roosevelt was campaigning but got shot and still gave his 40 page speech
Woodrow Wilson
President and leader of the progressive movement.
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Mark Twain think about Imperialism
Against it. To the person sitting in darkness.
What did Alfred T. Mahan write
Influence of sea power upon history.
Frederick Jackson Turner wrote
Significance of the frontier in American history.
Queen Liliuokalani
Queen of what is now Hawaii
What was The Maine?
A Battleship in Havannah Harbor that exploded and killed 264 killed (with disease?) – we do not know why it exploded.
What were the causes of the Spanish American War?
A declaration of war with Spain to free Cuba – Disclaimer that we, the U.S., will not make Cuba a part of the U.S.
Who was William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer?
Newspaper publishers
Yellow Journalism
Colored Journalism, pictures, crude, and exaggerated.
Open Door Policy
Involved China. Lost control of exports in it own boarders.
The Gentlemen’s Agreement
Japan – Segregated Japanese students into other schools where Roosevelt then stepped in saying San Francisco will not segregate. Japan leaders urge people to avoid the west.
What events surrounded the construction of the Panama Canal?
Intervention in Latin America
Wilhelm II
(Germany) meant to challenge Great Britain by creating muscle at home, an empire abroad, and a mighty navy.
Franz Ferdinand
Heir to Austria-Hungarian’s throne
What led to the First World War?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy stood to oppose great Britian. Austria- Hungary waged war on Serbia. Russia – by treaty would back Serbia in a war. Germany attacked Russia and France to help Austria-Hungary. Then Great Britain –in a treaty with france- attacked Germany.
What was the Lusitania and why was it important?
A British passenger liner that carried 128 US citizens was sunk by German U Boats.
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
Telegram decoded from Zimmerman to Mexican Government saying: if you Mexico, help us Germany in the war we will give you back land the U.S. stole from you.
What did Woodrow Wilson hope to achieve by leading the United States into World War I?
At first he wanted peace but when the Lusitania was hit and the Zimmerman telegraph was decoded he lead the war for democracy.
What was Progressive about the Selective Service Act?
A draft for the war, some black, lots of volunteers
How were Puerto Ricans affected by the world war 1?
They participated as members of the US military.
What did the War Industries Board do?
Coordinate the purchase of war supplies.
What did the National War Labor Board do?
It’s purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the war.
What was the Great Migration?
Movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West
What was the Bolshevik Revolution and why did Americans care about it?
It withdrew Russia from the War. Which allowed Germany to move soldiers to the western front where the US was fighting.
What were the Fourteen Points and who wrote it?
A bill to stop submarine attacks and Woodrow Wilson
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
Peace treaty
Whose idea was the League of Nations and what was it supposed to do?
Woodrow Wilson’s idea. Provide mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity…
What was the (first) Red Scare about?
Bombs send through the mail system. Blew up a senators office + general office
What were the Palmer Raids?
Cracking down on radicals
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Italians who were unfairly tried, convicted, and murdered –electric chair for the murder of a guy at a shoe factory.
What was the Eighteenth Amendment?
Prohibition
What was the Volstead Act?
Labeled what products had alcohol in them
What were speakeasies? Flappers?
Culturally modern women with bobbed hair, rolled knee highs tights, stylish shoes, jewelry, rubber galoshes—the undone buckles made a flapping noise.
Nineteenth Amendment
Woman can vote
What was the Sheppard-Towner Act?
(1921) Pregnant women received education and access to clinics who would refer them to local physicians. Helped them get medical, saved lives, didn’t cost a lot but ended due to growing government.
Who was elected president in 1920?
Warren G. Harding
What did he mean by a return to “Normalcy”?
Economic Growth, business ascendancy
What was Welfare Capitalism and whom did it benefit?
Paid $5 dollars a day, picnics, retirement plans after 40 years – undermining unions
Why was the Ku Klux Klan so popular in the 1920s?
Because it wasn’t the same “lynch up” as past generations. It was a pyramid scheme so people who got other people involved got paid. But then the National Origins Act of 1924 was passed and people cared less.
What was the purpose of the National Origins Act of 1924? What were its effects?
It controlled how many immigrants filed into the United States.
How did it affect the Mexican-American community?
They were exempt from the quota
What was the Scopes trial and why was it important?
Schools went against the teachings of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. It turned into a media circus.
How do movies, the radio and popular magazines influence popular culture?
There was no movies before then so it promoted propaganda, educated and influenced the people.
Who was Ernest Hemingway
American author and journalist
Who was Charles Lindbergh?
First person to fly nonstop across the Pacific ocean.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
Theatre, poems, songs, writings, paintings expressed by the “New Negro”
Who was Marcus Garvey?
Marcus encouraged blacks to rediscover the heritage of Africa, and to take pride in their achievements
What role did Advertising and Consumerism play in the economy of the 1920s?
Helped shape heroes for Americans and was a form of entertainment.
What popular product of the 1920s best illustrates advertising’s power?
Cigarettes/ Jello?
What was the installment plan?
Arrangements for payments in stores, enjoy now, pay later.
Who was Al Smith? What was “Rum and Romanism” about?
Rum = Prohibition, Romanism = Pope
Who was elected president in 1928?
Herbert Hoover
What did Herbert Hoover think about “American Individualism”?
“we should use the powers of government to cushion the situation”
What was buying on “margin”?
Buying on (10%) margin = buy for $$ arranged amount of credit for ($$ the rest) = have stock. If your stock goes up your fine, if it goes down you have to pay back money you don’t have.
Why was the stock market crash important?
Because it is said to have started The Great Depression
