US History II Final Exam Flashcards
Great Depression
1929
Oct 24th “Black Friday”
Oct 29th main crash
Smooth-Hawley Tariff Act
Tax on imported goods so people but American goods
Hoovervilles
People who live I’m shacks
Emergency Relief and Construction Act
Aid to poor people who needed food
Use tax payer dollars to construct roads and other things
Hoover Dam
Bonus army
Members get a monthly check
Franklin D Roosevelt
President
In first 30 days in office he proposes a lot of laws, bills, and acts. Gets them all passes
Glass-Stegal Act
Gov regulates what they do with your money
Can’t loan out more money than they have
Once a year must open books to the Federal reserve
Emergency Banking Act
Bank holiday
Close so the federal reserve can check them out
Fireside Chat
Tells people what he (Roosevelt) is doing so people don’t freak out
FDIC
If you put money in a bank that closes, you get your money back
FERA (Federal Emergency Relief administration)
For every dollar that a state provides, the federal government will match
CCC (Civilian Conservation Corp
1933
Hired single males w/o a family to go to rural areas to do construction work
Most end up making national parks
WPA (Works Progress administration)
Head of household
Federal program
Feeds children
AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration)
Helps 9 million
Pays land owners
Hurts southern workers because they are sharecropperS
Dust Bowl
Storms that kick up across America
TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)
New dams are built that create power
Government run
Employees a lot of people
Social Security Act
1935
Everybody over 55 gets $200/mo
Only if you worked in an industrial job, not agricultural
80% of women are not included
WWII
50 million deaths
Washington Naval Conference
All major world powers
Each will decrease their battle ship number
Does not included aircraft carries & submarines
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Second conference with major world powers
Says war is an international crime
Adolf Hitler
Nazi
Takes over Germany by convincing the leader to make him Chancellor
Merchants of Death
A book that said the US entered the war because of bankers & arms dealers
Causes public outrage
Nye Commission
Checks to see if the arguments in Merchants of Deaths is true or not
Neutrality Act of 1937
Illegal for America to enter a war zone
Illegal for anybody to sell war materials
Illegal to loan to countries in war
Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939
Joseph Stalin
USSR
Won’t attack each other for 10 years
Both agree to to attack Poland
America First Committee 1940
People who want to stay out of the war
Destroyer for bases deal, September 1940
We get 8 naval bases in various locations for 90 years
We loan England 50 ships for this
Lend-Lease Act, March 1941
Lens England the stuff they need to beat Germany and they will return it at the end of the war
John Deere makes a lot of money because of airplane engines
Peral Harbor, Dec 7, 1942
Japanese Tojo was the leader MAGIC was their coding system we broke Not all of our fleet was there FDR gets a declaration of war on Japan
Executive Order 9066, Feb 1942
A law the president can pass without congress
Requires all
Japanese immigrants to report to camps
Japanese Interments
Camps that Japanese people were put in after Peral Harbor
Hirabauashi vs United States
Arrested for violation curfew
Said curfew was illegal under the 14th amendment
Korematus vs United States
Didn’t show up to intern camp
Signed an Oath of Loyalty saying he isn’t a threat
War Production Board
Change lipstick factories to bullet factories
Office of Price Administration
Don’t eat as much food
Panty goes we’re stopped so the nylon can be used for parachutes
Recruits women to work in factories
Rosie The Riveter
“We can do it!”
19 million women
Manhattan Project, Dec 1942
Einstein gets a call from FDR about building a bomb. He says no so they get Robert J Oppenheimer
Robert J Oppenheimer
Helps build the atomic bomb
Trinity Site, July 16, 1943
Test site in New Mexico
Native American Code Talkers
We are the only ones who’s code wasn’t broke
Received congressional metal of honor
Tehran Conference, Nov 1943
In Iran
Churchill wants us to control
North Africa to protect the Suez Canal so Germans can’t get oil
D-Day, June 6,1944
Massive invasion with US, Canada, British, and Australia, and France and move towards Germany
We win!
Halts Conference, Feb 4-11, 1945
FDR, Stalin, Churchill
United Nations by FDR
Stalin wants to cut the world into smaller parts
Potsdam conference, July-Aug, 1945
Truman, Attlee, Stalin
Truman wants Stalin to join us in the battle sooner
July 18, somebody came and told Truman they have a bomb, and Truman threatened Stalin, Stalin said “took them long enough to tell you”
Hiroshima, Aug 6
First Atomic bomb dropping
Nagasaki, Aug 9
Second atomic bomb dropping
Caused them to surrender
Cold Warriors
No physic fighting
Massive destruction in Europe
No food, no coal, nothing
Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Submit to a background check if a federal employee
First year, 2,700 people lost their job
HUAC
Hunt down communist in America
Original job was to hunt down KKK members & Germans
Put on TV
Hollywood Ten
10 directors are put in jail
Don’t call their lawyers
Whittaker Chambers, 1948
While he was in college he joined the communist party, became friends with communist. The Russia hired him as a spy to give them secret information.
Alger Hiss
President of the Carnage fund
Communist spy
Pumpkin Papers
Where Chambers hid special evidence
Proof that Hiss was a spy in 1932 (More than 10 years old) BUT Hiss lied so they have him 10 years in jail
Klaus Fuchs
English captured him
Scientist that worked on the American Bomb
To save himself, he named names
David Greenglass
Said he just delivered envelopes to his brother-in-law from Fuchs
His brother-in-law worked on the bomb as well
The brother-in-law was Julius Rosenberg
Rosenburg Trial, March 6, 1951
Prove information was given
Threw David’s sister, Ethel under the bus saying she is the one that typed up all the information
Joseph McCarthy
Senator up for re-election
Elected because he is a WWll hero with two purple hearts
Lied both times to get his purple hearts. People find out eventually
Needs a reason for people to re-elect him
Says he has a list of communist that he will remove if he is re-elected
Tydings Committee
Ask McCarthy where he got the list of communist and why hasn’t he turned them in
Won’t let him take his seat unless he turns the sheet over
Turns his list over two weeks later. Includes 57 names from the FBI that were cleared and kept confidential.
George C. Marshall
Brought into McCarthy’s hearing
Blamed for losing China to the communist
Walks out on McCarthy
General Zwicker
Brought into McCarthy’s hearing
Thought to be a Communist because there was a guy on his base that was apart of the Communist Party
Brings an attorney and Eisenhower
His attorney pulls McCarthy down and questions him
Army-McCarthy Hearings
Public hearings to prove military leaders were communist
McCarthy blames Eisenhower that he is for the Communist (he saved the world, bad idea!)
Dwight D. Eishenhower
Won election
Focuses on domestic policy
“Captain America”
Dien Bien Phu
A valley the Vietnamese are in. French come to it to attack them. They fail and call us
We air lift stuff to the French that are blocked in the valley
GI Bill
Bonus for anybody who served in the military
Choice: $2,000 towards a house or college
Enables most Americans to buy homes
African Americans mostly picked college over a new home
Levittown
Mass produce houses like cars, if they all look the same made them cheap
Four different models
To purchase, you must be white
Double V Campaign
No segregation in Europe. Could eat or go into any building they wanted
CORE, 1942
Congress of Racial Equality
Based on the beliefs of Gondi
Challenge segregation & voting violations
Helped out Asians as well
Lobby government to make changes to the current laws
Missouri ex rel. Gaines vs Canada
Against a white law school in Missouri. NAACP helps them
Supreme Court decision “yes you can separate but you don’t have to have equality”….so Missouri has to have another school or let the Black student in
Earl Warren
Believed that the Supreme Court should be an activist court
Thurgood Marshall & Brown vs Board of Education
Brown was a little girl
Thurgood Marshall
Attorney hired for this case
Argues that it is harmful to blacks because they are having to be bussed to other another county to go to school
Argues that it is harmful to whites because they can’t interact with the blacks
Supreme Court says that federal funded schools cannot be segregated
Southern Manifesto
States that the Supreme Courts decision is a clear abuse of judicial power
Promise that they will fight back if schools are forced to be desegregated
Emmett Till
14 year old boy from Chicago goes to visit his Uncle in Mississippi
He went to a local store, when leaving said hello to a white girl walking into the store
The KKK shows up to his Uncle’s house, kidnap Emmett, beat him to death, and threw him into a river
His mom invited the entire US government to his open casket funeral
This causes Northern Whites to get on board with the Civil Rights Movement
Littlerock AK, 1957
School Board decides to desegregate Central High
9 African American students decide to come
The governor announces he will not allow his schools to desegregate so he calls in the state military to block the front door from the 9 students
Illegal!
Eisenhower pulls the troops out and sends in his own troops to make a statement that he will send in the “big” guys
Walked the students to class and everywhere for an entire year
The governor closed the public schools for two years
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks
African Americans stop riding the bus which hurts the business
A year later, close to bankruptcy, the bus system desegregates
SCLC
(Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Formed by the men who helped with the Montgomery Boycott
Coordinates future boycotts
Large percentage of ministers
Made up of middle class
Greensboro Lunch Counter Sit In
Four African students go to a white only lunch counter and ordered a Coke
Owner told his employes to not serve them
Left after hours and came back next day with 23 other people
Day four, 300 African students were waiting for a Coke
Goes on for two weeks
SNCC
Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee Ella Baker was the President of SNCC Mainly African American, but open to all Non-violent acts (sit-ins) Push basic civil rights on campuses Work closely with SCLC
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Talked about the race problem
Won the election
Youngest President
Freedom Rides & Boynton vs Virginia
African American law student who was riding a bus across state lines. At a rest stop (all white) he ordered food and arrested
Convicted & appealed all the way to the Supreme Court
Argued that segregation laws on the busses were unconstitutional because they were against the Interstate Commerce Act
Won the case
Voter Education Project
1962, mid year
People needed to know how to vote and how important it is
Went door to door, explaining to African Americans how to register to vote
Drove them to the court house to register
Fannie Lou Hammer
“the lady that signs hymns”
In Mississippi, the entire bus was arrested and put in jail. Released four days later
While in jail they were beaten and raped
Birmingham Campaign
April 1963, SNCC boycotts every business in Birmingham that has segregation laws
Organize marches that meet every Sunday afternoon and march to the capital
Bull Conner decides that the protest marches didn’t get a court order for their “parade” so he arrests them. Uses force: Billy Clubs, Police Dogs, and Fire Hoses
March on Washington, Aug 1963
Over 300,000 people. White and Black
Martin Luther King “I Have A Dream” speech
16th Street Baptist Church
The KKK blew the church up while the children’s choir was practicing Causes lots of while middle class women to join to SCLC
Lyndon B. Johnson
More for equality than the Kennedys
Wanted to end poverty
Before, was a Senator in Texas
Freedom Summer, 1964
College students came to Mississippi to register people to vote
- James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner go missing in June
Johnson calls the Mississippi governor (who doesn’t want to look for the boys) and forces him to do it. After looking for them they find the car and the bodies
Civil Rights Bill of 1964
Made it illegal to discriminate through segregation in any public place
Gave the Attorney General to power to enforce it
The Great Society
Welfare plan proposed by Johnson
Medical care for all
Gov needs to help kids go to school by offering student loans
His favorite mistress
Medicare
Health insurance for people on Social Security (people over 65)
We CARE for the older people, we AID the poor
Medicaid
Health insurance for people living under the poverty line
We CARE for the older people, we AID the poor
Sheriff Jim Clark
Blocked voting booths in Alabama from African Americans
Creates protests
Bloody Sunday
March from Selma to Montgomery protesting
Jim Clark meets them outside Montgomery on a bridge, uses billy clubs and tear gas because they didn’t have a permit to have a march/protest
SNIC comes back two weeks later with a permit
Voting Rights Act, 1965
Johnson agreed and sent it to Congress, then it was signed into law
States, it is illegal to have any discriminatory provisions in state constitutions regarding voting. Any regulations have to be approved by the Secretary of State
Voter registration in Mississippi goes up by 400%
Geneva Accords
Agreement through the UN
French pull out of Vietnam and in their place, an International Control Commission
Ngo Dinh Diem
Controls the South
USS MADDOX
Think they were attacked by North Vietnamese ships
Picked up stuff on radar & hear gun fire
Nothing hit the ships
Stuff on radars were actually whales, gun fire was people shooting them
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Gives the President approval to use force to defend us in Vietnam
Johnson has a two week bombing spree
General William C Westmoreland
Gives troops the ability to play offense and attack Vietnamese
“kill them all” strategy
Ho Chi Minh Trail / TET Offensive
North Vietnamese attacked 36 major cities, take them over, and get the rest of the South Vietnamese to join them
Got them for a small amount of time
Fullbright Hearings, 1966
William J Fullbright, Senator, Head of Senate Foreign Committee
Why are we in the war?
March Against Death
Student organization marches on Washington against the war
300,000 people
My Lai
0 Americans in a field under the control of Lt. William Calley. Sent the men to My Lai village and look for VC. These 30 men killed 600 women & children, several women were raped multiple times then everything was set on fire. At one point a helicopter flies over and sees what is going on, lands, and tries to stop it. Told if he doesn’t leave, he will be shot.
Official Military newspaper “Stars and Stripes” gets pictures and prints them showing that this is a war crime
Kent State
Students at Kent State started another protest on May 4, 1970. A sound similar to a gun shot was heard and the National Guard that was protecting the students fired their guns at the students. 11 wounded and 4 killed
Causes other colleges to break out in protests therefore lots of them closed down early since the semester was almost over
Vietnamization
Nixon’s secret plan revealed!
We train the South Vietnamese how to fight so we can slowly remove our troops from Vietnam
Estimated 2 years to withdrawal
Détente
Between the US and China and US and North Vietnam
Paris Peace Treaty, 1973
The US agrees to remove troops over a 6 months while North Vietnamese release our POWs
Creates a colocation government with three countries that creates a government for South Vietnam
The US signs this with the North Vietnamese and leaves South Vietnam out
To make the South happy, Nixon tells them we will fully fund them if they start a war with the North Vietnamese
We are now out of the war & the South starts to fight with the North
Fall of Saigon, 1975
North Vietnam comes down into South Vietnam while the South Vietnamese are feeling
They hit Saigon in April
