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Fall 2012 > Geology Exam #3 > Flashcards

Geology Exam #3 Flashcards

0
Q

What is a catastrophism?

A

Associated with religion in the past

Rapid change

Processes of a nature and/or magnitude NOT observed today

Ex. Impact of a giant asteroid

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1
Q

What is an uniformitarianism?

A

“Present key to the past”

Slow change

Ex. Appalachian Mountains & Grand Canyon

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2
Q

What are the three unconformaties?

A

Angular Unconformities- tilted rocks are overlaid by flat-lying rocks

Disconformities- strata on either side are parallel

Nonconformities- metamorphic or plutonic igneous rocks below and younger sedimentary rocks above

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3
Q

Name Eons that were mentioned in class.

Also, out them in order from youngest to oldest

A

Phanerozoic Eon (we live in this eon)

Proterozoic Eon

Archean Eon

Hadaen Eon

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4
Q

Name the Eras mentioned in class.

A

Cenozoic Era

Mesozoic Era

Paleozoic Era

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5
Q

What is the Phanerozoic Eon?

A

We live in this eon

Started 542 million years ago

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6
Q

What is the Cenozoic Era?

A

Present day

Started 66 million years ago

Often called “The Age of Mammals”

Mammals & flowering plants appeared

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7
Q

What is the Mesozoic Era?

A

Started 251 million years ago

First flowers & birds

First & last dinosaurs

Mass extension at the end when a huge object struck the earth

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8
Q

What is the Paleozoic Era?

A

542 million years ago

Life exploded

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9
Q

What eon & era are we living in?

A

We live in the Phanerozoic Eon & the Cenozoic Era

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10
Q

What is a bed load?

A

Sand or larger bouncing along stream beds

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11
Q

What is discharge?

A

Volume of water / time

Cubic feet per second

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12
Q

What is the highest discharge river in America?

A

Mississippi River

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13
Q

What is the highest discharge river in the world?

A

Amazon River

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14
Q

What is a watershed?

A

The part of the river where all the water drains too

Ex. Where the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico meet

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15
Q

What is a dissolved load?

A

Ion and compounds

Not visible

Increases through dissolution

Reduced by precipitation

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16
Q

What is a suspended load?

A

Silt and clay

Looks muddy

Increases through erosion

Reduced by deposition

Largest load in most rivers including the Mississippi River

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17
Q

What is erosion?

A

Rapidly flowing water

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18
Q

What is deposition?

A

Slow moving water

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19
Q

What is the lowest base level for most streams?

A

Sea Level

20
Q

How does the profile of a river change from head to mouth?

A

Profile is a smooth curve

The slope of the bed decreases from the head to the mouth

21
Q

Which load moves the most sediments annually?

A

Suspended Load

22
Q

What is Zone of Saturation?

A

All pore spaces in the material are filled manly with water

Water within the pores is ground water

Target of groundwater exploration

23
Q

What is the Zone of Aereation?

A

Unsaturated area

Pore spaces in the material are filled mainly with air

24
Q

What is a water table?

A

The upper limit of the zone of saturation

25
Q

What is the aquifer?

A

A permeable layer of material

Find aquifer in groundwater exploration**

26
Q

What is Aquitaine?

A

An impermeable layer of material

27
Q

Assume that water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. Which of the following statements is true?

A

Water expands as it freezes, causing the crack a walls to be pushed apart

28
Q

Feldspars are commonly decomposed during weathering to clay and materials, silcia, and soluble constituents.

A

True

29
Q

Sheeting is mainly a process of mechanical weathering

A

True

30
Q

What percent of the water in the world is salt/fresh?

A

97% Salt

3% Fresh

31
Q

What are the top water replenishers?

A

1: Ice sheets & glaciers from Antarctica & Greenland
2: groundwater
3: everything else

32
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion?

A

Marine invertebrates appear

First insects, fish, amphibians, and reptiles

33
Q

The greatest mass extension in history was in the ________ Period

A

Permian

34
Q

When did flowering plants first appear?

A

Cenozoic Era

35
Q

When did dinosaurs live?

A

Mesozoic Era

36
Q

When did the Hadean Eon start?

A

4.6 billion years ago

37
Q

When was the Paleozoic Era?

A

542 million years ago

38
Q

When was the Mesozoic Era?

A

251 million years ago

39
Q

How long ago did the Cenozoic Era begin?

A

66.5 million years ago

40
Q

What period began 2.6 million years ago?

A

Quaternary Period

41
Q

What epoch happened 12,000 years ago?

A

Pleistocene Epoch

42
Q

Which eons are apart of the Precambrian?

A

Proterozoic, Archean, and Hadean

43
Q

Which era includes the Permian Period?

A

Paleozoic Era

44
Q

The Holocene is an epoch of which period, era, and eon?

A

Quaternary Period, Cenozoic Era, Phanerozoic Eon

45
Q

During which era did dinosaurs live?

A

Mesozoic

46
Q

In rocks of which era did the first fish fossil appear?

A

Paleozoic Era

47
Q

When did the Paleozoic Era begin?

A

542 million years ago

Fall 2012 (3 decks)

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