US History 1 Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
First President of the United States, set many precedents
A
George Washington
2
Q
Third President, believed in strong state government, anti-federalist, Washington’s Secretary of State.
A
Thomas Jefferson
3
Q
secretary of the treasury, wanted to back the British.
A
Alexander Hamilton
4
Q
was created to issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other government funds.
A
Bank of the United States
5
Q
agreed with Jefferson about having a strong state government
A
Democratic Republicans
6
Q
was established by the time Washington left office, a combination of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
A
two party system
7
Q
an import tax on goods produced in Europe.
A
protective tariff
8
Q
a tax on a product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution, to be levied on the manufacture of whiskey
A
excise tax
9
Q
placing the interest of one region over those of the nation as a whole.
A
sectionalism
10
Q
Four measures created in 1798. Three measures were the Alien Acts which raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien considered undesirable. The last measure was the Sedition Act which set fines and jail terms for anyone trying to hinder the operation of the government or expressing negative statements against the government
A
Alien and Sedition Acts
11
Q
that states had the right to nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional.
A
nullification
12
Q
went on an expedition that took two years and four months and recorded invaluable information about the new territories.
A
Lewis and Clark
13
Q
most important supreme court decision, Marbury never received his papers from James Madison and sued Madison for not doing his job correctly.
A
Marbury v. Madison
14
Q
the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
A
judical review
15
Q
Monroe and Livingston made a deal with the French, paid them $15 million dollars for the whole Louisiana Territory and land drained by the western tributaries of the Mississippi River.
A
louisiana compromise
16
Q
“cotton engine” accelerated the expansion of slavery.
A
cotton gin
17
Q
speaker of the House of Representatives, led the war hawks
A
henry clay
18
Q
unite the nation’s economic interests.
A
american system
19
Q
the belief that the national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerts or interests of other countries.
A
Nationalism
20
Q
a bold expression of nationalism, principle that the United States would not involve itself in European affairs
A
Monroe Doctrine
21
Q
a series of agreements that allowed Missouri to be part of the union and still have the amount of slave states to free states.
A
Missouri Compromise
22
Q
chief political opponent, widely considered a war hero and was popular nationwide
A
Andrew Jackson
23
Q
an 800-mile trip that was made partly by steamboat and railroad, but mainly by foot, that the Cherokee took because they were forced to leave. More than a quarter of their people died along the way
A
trail of tears
24
Q
Senator of Massachusetts, wanted to introduce the renewal of the bank earlier to make it a campaign issue, Webster channeled their frustrations into forming a new political party called the Whig Party.
A
Daniel Webster
25
Jackson’s vice president, rallied behind the American System. Warned his fellow southerners that such a revolution would condemn blacks as well as whites “to the greatest calamity, and the [South] to poverty, desolation, and wretchedness.”
John C. Calhoun
26
former Secretary of State, ran for president against Jackson, Jackson’s vice president after losing election, became president after Jackson chose not to run for a third term, forced the Cherokee to leave their homes and move somewhere else.
Martin Van Buren
27
bank closings and the collapse of the credit system cost many people their savings. It also bankrupted hundreds of businesses and put more than a third of the population out of work.
panic of 1837
28
the economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production, such as factories, machines, and land, and use them to earn profits
capitalism
29
business people supplied their own funds to create capital, the money, property, machines, and factories that fueled America’s expanding economy
Entrepreneur
30
an electromagnetic communication device that would travel for 100 miles, built by Samuel F.B. Morse
Telegraph
31
an expression used to describe their belief that it was the United States destiny to stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
manifest destiny
32
An important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico
Santa Fe Trail
33
trail used for the Lewis and Clark expedition, started in Independence, Missouri and ended in Portland, Oregon
Oregon Trail
34
Religious community that would play a major role in the settling of the West
Mormons
35
Smith’s successor, decided to move his followers beyond the boundaries of the United States.
Brigham Young
36
Mexican president, revoked local powers in Texas and other Mexican states which led to the Texas Revolution.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
37
Santa Anna revoked local powers in Texas and other Mexican states which led to rebellion
Texas Revolution
38
an abandoned mission and fort where the Texans drove the Mexican forces from. Santa Anna also destroyed the small American garrison there.
Alamo
39
declared independence from Mexico and became the Republic of Texas
Republic of Texas
40
or incorporate
Annex
41
Presidential candidate, to campaign in 1844 on the promise of annexing the entire territory
James K. Polk
42
declared independence from Mexico and proclaimed to be the nation of the Republic of California
Republic of California
43
Affectionately nicknamed “Old Rough and Ready” because he sported a casual straw hat and plain brown coat
Winfield Scott
44
Feb 2nd, 1848, US and Mexico signed a treaty. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the Mexican cession (including California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, most of Arizona, and parts of Colorado and Wyoming). Guaranteed Mexicans living in said territories freedom of religion, protection of property, bilingual elections, and open borders
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
45
there were reports of gold being found in California. Thousands of people went to California for the gold. Increased population allied for more jobs which helped increase the economy.
gold rush
46
religious movement that emphasized individual responsibility for salvations and insisted that people could improve themselves and society
second great awakening
47
A New England writer who was one reformer who nurtured the pride in emerging culture and land. He led a group that practiced transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson
48
a philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living the simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination
Transcendentalism
49
a peaceful protest of refusing to obey laws they considered unjust.
civil disobedience
50
the movement to outlaw slavery
Abolition
51
most radical white abolitionist, an editor who started his own paper called The Liberator, the paper’s objective was to deliver the message of immediate emancipation.
William Lloyd Garrison
52
the freeing of slaves with no payments to slaveholders.
Emancipation
53
born into slavery in 1817, escaped his holder, shared his experiences as a slave and his escape which helped cause more people to support the antislavery cause
Frederick Douglass
54
was born into slavery in 1800, him and his 80 followers attacked four plantations and killed almost 60 white inhabitants before being captured by state and federal troops
Nat Turner
55
pre-Civil War
Antebellum
56
a rule limiting the preventing debate on an issue.
gag rule
57
a passionate supporter of women’s rights, held a women’s rights convention (Seneca Falls Convention) with the help of Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
58
a tradition that demanded that women restrict their activities after marriage to the home and family
Cult of Domesticity
59
the effort to prohibit the drinking of alcohol. Some states banned alcohol completely while others did not.
temperance movement
60
a women’s right convention held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lecretia Mott, all parts of the declaration were approved unanimously except that women could not vote.
Seneca Falls Convention
61
real name was Isabella Baumfree, was a slave for the first 30 years of her life, got the name because she sojourned (traveled) throughout the country preaching and arguing for abolition
Sojourner Truth
62
the formal withdrawal of a state from the Union
Secession
63
compromise to settle controversy between the North and South, provided that California was admitted to the Union as a free state and proposed a new and more effective fugitive slave law.
Compromise of 1850
64
the rights of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery
popular sovereignty
65
unbundled the package of resolutions and reintroduced them one at a time to guarantee the compromise wouldn’t fail, created the Freeport Doctrine
Stephen A. Douglas
66
a component of the Compromise of 1850, made it so runaway slaves who had escaped to the North could be arrested and sent back to the South to be forced into slavery once more
Fugitive Slave Act
67
a secret network of people (conductors) who would help slaves escape
underground railroad
68
one of the most famous conductors, born a slave, helped 300 slaves including her own parents
Harriet Tubman
69
passionate abolitionist who published Uncle Tom’s Cabin which delivered the message that slavery was not just a political contest but also a moral struggle, northern abolitionists increased protests against the Fugitive Slave Act in response
Harriet Beecher Stowe
70
a bill that divided the area in two territories, Nebraska in the North, Kansas in the South. Repealed the Missouri Compromise and established popular sovereignty for both territories
Kansas-Nebraska Act
71
an abolitionist described as “a man made of the stuff of saints'' by a historian. Believed God had called on him to fight slavery, lead the Pottawatomie Massacre, and stole arsenal from Harpers Ferry
John Brown
72
Brown and his men took five men from Pottawatomie Creek, hacked off their hands, and stabbed them with broadswords
Pottawatomie Massacre
73
dozens of similar incidents triggered by the Pottawatomie Massacre, men and women living with rifles by their side, became a violent battlefield in the war
Bleeding Kansas
74
the favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants
Nativism
75
a society that supported nativism, called for strict limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the country, answered questions about their activities by saying “I know nothing”
know-nothing party
76
opposed the extension of slavery, name referred to land on which slavery was forbidden
Free Soil Party
77
anti slavery political party, know-nothing party became part of the Republican Party, organized in Jackson Michigan by Horace Greeley, united in opposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act and in keeping slavery out of territories
Republican Party
78
State chairman of Illinois before he was president against Stephen A. Douglas, elected president in 1860, created the Gettysburg Address
Abraham Lincoln
79
a slave from Missouri who had escaped, filed a lawsuit to gain his freedom. Court ruled that slaves were property not people, meaning he had no claim on freedom
Dred Scott
80
John Brown and his followers seized federal arsenal and distributed it to captured slaves in the area, took 60 of the town’s prominent citizen hostages in hope slaves would join them (no slaves did).
Harpers Ferry
81
delegated from the secessionist states met forming the confederacy aka Confederate States of America
Confederacy
82
former senator of Mississippi, president of the Confederacy, ordered the attack on Fort Sumter
Jefferson Davis
83
located on an island in Charleston harbor, was taken over by South Carolina when it was attacked, the fall of the fort united the North
Fort Sumter
84
a three part plan the Union created to conquer the South, named after a huge snake that suffocates its victims in its coils. 1) Union navy blockade southern ports. 2) Union riverboats/armies would move down the Mississippi River and split the confederacy in two. 3) Union armies would capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia.
Anaconda Plan
85
a little creek 25 miles away from the Union capital. The Confederate army was camped out there until Union soldiers showed up on their way to the capital, Battle between the two took place
bull run
86
General who led the new Union army after the defeat at Bull Run, was fired after the battle at Antietam
George McClellan
87
General of a Union Army that invaded western Tennessee, failed at everything in normal civilian life, hero of the battle of Vicksburg, appointed William Tecumseh Sherman as commander of the military division of the Mississippi
Ulysses S. Grant
88
an ironclad ship, fought against the Merrimack, battle ended in a draw (union side)
USS monitor
89
an ironclad ship, attacked three wooden Union warships (sunk the first, burned the second, and drove the third aground), fought against the Monitor, battle ended in a draw (confederate side)
CSS Virginia (Merrimack)
90
ended raid at Harpers Ferry, stopped McClellan from invading Richmond, continued in the army even when the war was over.
Robert E. Lee
91
a sluggish creek where McClellan and Lee fought against each other after Lee stopped McClellan from invading Richmond, ended in more than 26,000 casualties
Antietam
92
proclamation that declared that all slaves living in areas currently under Confederate control were free.
Emancipation Proclamation
93
a court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why he or she is being jailed.
habeas corpus
94
confederate troops under General Nathan Bedford Forrest killed over 200 african american prisoners and some whites, shooting them as they begged for their lives in Fort Pillow, Tennessee.
Fort Pillow Massacre
95
three day battle that was the turning point of the civil war, crippled the South so badly General Lee never again possessed sufficient forces to invade a northern state
Gettysburg
96
a speech given from Lincoln that reminded Americans that they were right in fighting the bloody war and in glowing terms of the principles in which their country was founded.
Gettysburg Address
97
where a battle took place, occurred the day after the battle at Gettysburg, Confederates surrendered Vicksburg to Grant,
Vicksburg
98
superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning and Military Academy, was appointed commander of the military division of Mississippi, remained in the army after the war spending his time fighting Native Americans in the west.
William Tecumseh Sherman
99
where Lee surrendered to Grant
Appomattox Court House
100
Union nurse who cared for the sick and wounded at the front lines, became involved in the activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross (a group dedicated to providing relief to injured soldiers, helped found the American Red Cross
Clara Barton
101
where the worst Confederate prison was located, which jammed 33,000 men into 26 acres (34 square feet per man)
Andersonville
102
stated that slavery or involuntary servitude, except for punishment for a crime is no longer legal which allowed all slaves to be free and escaped slaves no longer had to live in fear. Also ended the three-fifths compromise
13th Amendment
103
a 26 year old actor and southern sympathizer who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, was caught 12 days later.
John Wilkes Booth
