Honors Bio Midterm Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
7 properties of life
A
- cellular organization
- homeostasis
- metabolism
- responsiveness
- reproduction
- heredity
- growth
2
Q
when an organism reproduces, it passes it’s traits to the offspring
A
heredity
3
Q
a specific testable prediction for a limited set of conditions
A
Hypothesis
4
Q
the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism
A
metabolism
5
Q
scientific method
A
- make observations
- hypothesis
- experiment
- collect data
- analysis
- conclusion
6
Q
the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
A
homeostasis
7
Q
the study of life
A
biology
8
Q
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
A
protein
9
Q
the starches and sugars present in foods; broken down to glucose to provide energy. Body’s main source of energy
A
carbohydrates
10
Q
Describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated
A
polar
11
Q
chemical bonding that occurs when atoms loose or gain electrons to become stable
A
ionic bonding
12
Q
part of the atom that has no charge (located in the nuclear)
A
neutron
13
Q
attraction of a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge to another hydrogen atom with a partial negative charge
A
hydrogen bonding
14
Q
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
A
lipids
15
Q
building blocks of proteins
A
amino acids
16
Q
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, cannot be broken down any smaller
A
element
17
Q
part of the atom that has a negative charge )located in the electron cloud)
A
electron
18
Q
a molecule the enzyme reacts with (key to lock and key [not the show])
A
substrate
19
Q
chemical compounds that store information (DNA and RNA)
A
nucleic acids
20
Q
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
A
enzyme
21
Q
share valence electrons
A
covalent bonding
22
Q
part of an atom that has a positive charge (located in the nucleus)
A
protein
23
Q
region where a reaction takes place (lock to lock and key [not the show])
A
active site
24
Q
a structure that carries out specific activities inside the cell
A
organelle
25
cells DNA is stored inside the nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, can carry out specific functions
eukaryotic
26
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
golgi apparatus
27
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
cytoskeleton
28
cell theory
all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function
29
a fluid sea of lipids in which proteins float, controls which materials leave and enter the cell
cell membrane
30
movement of substances across the cell membrane without using energy
passive transport
31
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
mitochondria
32
a cell that has no nucleus, cell membrane provides support and structure
prokaryotic
33
a network of membranes inside a cell that transports proteins and other molecules
endoplasmic reticulum
34
a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes; has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue
phospholipid
35
carrier proteins require this to move substances across the concentration gradient
pumps
36
the movement of material out of the cell by means of a vesicle
exocytosis
37
the movement of a material into the cell by means of a vesicle
endocytosis
38
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; control center of the cell (brain)
nucleus
39
Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm
ribosomes
40
A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones
lysosomes
41
A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane (carrier proteins and channel proteins)
transport proteins
42
serve as tunnels through the lipid bi-layer for ions, sugars, and amino acids
channel proteins
43
transport substances that fit within the binding site across the cell membrane
carrier proteins
44
transport proteins help substances diffuse through the cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
45
small non-polar molecules can pass directly through the lipid bi-layer
simple diffusion
46
the movement down the concentration gradient
diffusion
47
water diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane, allows the cell to maintain water balance as their environment changes
osmosis
48
requires energy to move substances across the cell membrane
active transport
49
organisms use sunlight to convert CO2 into glucose, takes place in the chloroplast of plants
photosynthesis
50
a form of sugar that provides energy for an organism
glucose
51
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars
calvin cycle
52
A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
electron transport chain
53
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
light dependant reaction
54
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
light independant reaction
55
process that does not require oxygen (glycolysis)
anaerobic
56
process that requires oxygen (krebs cycle, electron transport chain)
aerobic
57
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose from food in the presence of oxygen
cellular respiration
58
process by which yeast and a few other microorganisms break down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and alcohol
alcoholic fermentation
59
process by which pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (produced in muscles during exercise)
lactic acid fermentation
60
the process of glucose being broken down by enzymes, releasing energy and making pyruvic acid
glycolysis
61
second stage in cell. resp. in which pruvate is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions
krebs cycle
62
main energy source that cells use for most of their work (adenosine triphosphate)
ATP
63
process of dividing the nucleus into two daughter nucleii (divided into four phases)
mitosis (4 phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
64
phase of mitosis when chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, and spindle forms (longest phase)
prophase
65
phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up across the center of the cell (shortest phase)
metaphase
66
phase of mitosis when the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
anaphase
67
phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope reforms and spindle breaks apart (final phase)
telophase
68
after mitosis, cytoplasm divides into two individual daughter cells
cytokinesis
69
happens before mitosis, cell is growing/preparing to divide (G1, S, G2)
Interphase
70
part of interphase, cell grows rapidly as the cell builds more organelles
G1 phase
71
part of interphase, cells DNA is copies (nucleus has twice as much DNA)
S phase
72
part of interphase, microtubes are organized in the cytoplasm
G2 phase
73
cell undergoes inspection to ensure it is ready for the next phase, feedback signals of key points in the cycle can delay/trigger the next phase in the cycle
checkpoints
74
the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
centromere
75
chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent
homologous
76
help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micro tubules
spindle fibers
77
uncontrolled cell growth + division result in masses of cells that invade and destroy healthy tissue
cancer
78
defective cells divide and produces more defective cells to form this
tumor
79
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent
asexual reproduction
80
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
autosomes
81
chromosomes that determine the gender/sex of an individual
sex chromosomes
82
a form of cell division that produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes that are in the parent cell, process happens
meiosis I
meiosis II
83
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
crossing-over
84
organism or cell that has only one complete set of chromosomes
haploid
85
organism or cell that has two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
diploid
86
diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
pedigree
87
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
phenotype
88
the allele that is expressed or shown
dominant
89
not expressed when a dominant allele is present, only expressed if there are two recessive traits
recessive
90
father of genetics, became a monk after college and taught high school science, working with peal plants, discovered genetics and how they were passed (dominant and recessive)
Gregor Mendal
91
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
genotype
92
An alternative form of a gene
allele
93
pattern in which the recessive and dominant allele in a genotype is both expressed at the same time
codominant
94
an organism that has two different alleles for a trait
heterozygous
95
an organism that has the same or identical alleles for a trait
homozygous
96
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
multiple alleles
97
a mix of the two alleles given from the parents, neither dominant and recessive (red + white = pink)
incomplete dominance
98
gene located on the X or Y chromosome
sex-linked
99
Mendel's law that states during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other and each gamete carries only one allele from each gene
law of segregation
100
Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random
law of independent assortment
101
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
nucleotide
102
a component of nucleic acids, pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in mRNA
adenine
103
a component of nucleic acid, pairs with adenine in DNA and switches in uracil in mRNA
thymine
104
a component of nucleic acid, pairs with guanine in both DNA and mRNA
cytosine
105
a component of nucleic acid, pairs with cytosine in both DNA and mRNA
guanine
106
proteins that unwind DNA double helix, wedge themselves between the strands and break hydrogen bonds
DNA helicase
107
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
DNA polymerase
108
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
DNA
109
process of making a copy of DNA, DNA molecules unwind, two sides split, new nucleotides added to each side until there are 2 identical sequences
DNA replication
110
Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
RNA polymerase
111
sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, each one matches an amino acid
codon
112
a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA, but not DNA, pairs with adenine in mRNA
uracil
113
the process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
transcription
114
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
anti codon
115
the process of converting nucleotide sequences to amino acid
translation
116
transfer RNA, carried amino acids to the ribosome
tRNA
117
messenger RNA, carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
mRNA
118
ribosomal RNA, makes up part of the ribosome
rRNA
119
change of a single nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of base to another
Point mutation (nucleotide mutation)
120
the change of a single nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of base to another, new codon codes for the same amino acid as the original codon
silent mutation (gene mutation)
121
the change of a single nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of base to another, new codon codes for a different amino acid then the original codon
missense mutation (gene mutation)
122
similar to insertion/deletion but instead of in multiples of three it's only one nucleotide
frameshift mutation (gene mutation)
123
when a codon is changed so that the beginning of the sequence is a stop codon
nonsense mutation (gene mutation)
124
when a piece of the chromosome is lost
deletion (chromosomal mutation)
125
occurs when a piece remains attached to the chromosome after meiosis
duplication (chromosomal mutation)
126
when a chromosome piece reattaches to it's original chromosome, but in reverse direction
inversion (chromosomal mutation)
127
when a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a different chromosome
translocation (chromosomal mutation)
128
when the genes in the chromosome are completely rearranged
gene rearrangement (chromosomal mutation)
