US and State History Flashcards
1
Q
Little Rock 9
A
In 1957, the first black students to enter a public school after de-segregation was ruled the law of the land in Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
2
Q
Magna Carta
A
First English document to establish the idea of limited government, or the belief that the king did not have absolute power. Signed in 1215.
3
Q
James Madison
A
Founding Father and fourth president of the United States
4
Q
Autocratic/Totalitarian Governments
A
Governments in which a single person or small group has ultimate control and the rights and freedoms of citizens are limited; often restrict the existence and participation of opposition voices and exercise a high level of control over all aspects of society
Example: North Korea’s government under Kim Jong Un
5
Q
Natural Rights
A
The rights possessed by an individual with no requirement
Example: Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
6
Q
Tecumseh
A
a member of the Shawnee Indian tribe who tried to form a confederacy of Native Americans to resist American settlement
7
Q
Indian territory
A
Established in 1830, land in modern-day Oklahoma where Congress planned to move Native Americans
8
Q
14th Amendment
A
Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the US would be US citizens and citizens in the state in which they live. Gave all citizens due process.
9
Q
Central Powers of WWI
A
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
10
Q
Chinese Exclusion Act
A
Federal legislation passed by Congress in 1882 that banned immigration of any Chinese national to the United States
11
Q
Dust Bowl
A
A series of extreme droughts and dust storms in the late 1930s. Drove many agricultural migrants from Oklahoma and Texas to California in search of work.
12
Q
Dred Scott v. Sanford
A
Supreme Court case ruled that Black Americans were not citizens and had no right to sue in court or protection under the law, regardless of slavery status; overturned by the 13th and 14th Amendments after the Civil War
13
Q
Gilded Age
A
A term coined by Mark Twain describing 19th century America meaning that it looked good on the surface but was filled with conflict and trouble.
14
Q
Rene Goulaine de Laudonniere
A
French explorer who founded Ft. Caroline on June 22, 1564,
15
Q
Age of Exploration
A
A period of time from the early 15th Century until the early 17th Century in which European ships traveled around the world in search of new trading routes.
16
Q
Theodore Roosevelt / Teddy Roosevelt
A
26th President of the United States; known for his leadership in the Progressive Movement
17
Q
John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government
A
Outlined ideas of Social Contract Theory and natural rights that heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence
18
Q
Texas Revolution
A
A fight between American colonists in Texas and the Mexican government between 1835 and 1836
19
Q
Lewis and Clark
A
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the first Europeans to explore the Louisiana Territory.
20
Q
English Civil War
A
A conflict between Charles I and Parliament that resulted in the beheading of Charles I and the establishment of England as a Commonwealth. 1642-1651
21
Q
Confederate States of America
A
An organization formed when South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the Union. Ended after the Civil War.
22
Q
Northwest Passage
A
A hypothesized water route from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. It would have facilitated trade with Asia, but one was never found. Eventually, the Panama Canal would connect these oceans in Central America.
23
Q
18th Amendment
A
Ratified in 1917 and established the prohibition of alcohol. (Remember with: you can’t drink at 18) Was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933
24
Q
Proclamation of 1763
A
In an attempt to avoid conflicts with Native Americans, this was issued by King George and stated that colonists couldn’t settle the Ohio River Valley.
25
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
32nd U.S. President serving from 1933-1945. Known for his New Deal to try to fix the Great Depression and leading the US during World War II. Only President to serve more than 2 terms.
26
Bureau of Indian Affairs
Established by Congress to manage the removal of Native Americans to the West
27
19th Amendment
Ratified in 1920, it gave women the right to vote (known as women's suffrage).
28
Tristan de Luna y Arellano
Spanish explorer who established Puerto de Santa Maria in 1559
29
James Otis
a lawyer and early advocate for colonial rights; his legal writings laid the groundwork for the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, protecting against unreasonable searches and seizures
30
New Amsterdam
The most diverse colony which was a Dutch settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
31
Sons of Liberty
underground resistance organization in the American colonies formed in 1765 in opposition to the Stamp Act and other forms of British taxation; orchestrated the Boston Tea Party in 1773
32
Bleeding Kansas
Violent confrontations in Kansas; occurred when Congress divided Kansas and allowed each to choose whether or not it would allow slavery
33
Federalists
The first political party in the US; advocated for a strong central government.
34
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
An international organization of countries that produce the majority of the world's oil supply. Current member states range in location from South America to central Africa with the majority of member states located in the Middle East.
35
Cold War
The period after WWII in which the United States and the Soviet Union never truly engaged in warfare, but was marked by political disagreements between the capitalist and communist countries
35
Zimmerman Telegram
A telegram from Germany to Mexico proposing they work together against the United States in WWI.
36
Allied Powers of WWII
Included the United Kingdom, France, Soviet Union, the United States, and Canada
37
monopoly
market where one firm controls the price, production, and supply of a good
Example: Until 1982, AT&T managed ALL phone service in the United States
38
baby boomers
The generation born following WWII (1940s). This population bubble has had a significant impact on American culture, economy, and politics as the baby boomers have aged. Their concerns became the primary concerns of the nation.
39
Paleoindians / Paleoamericans
Native american tribes which migrated from eastern Asia into North America during the Ice Age across the Bering Strait
40
civil war
1861-1865. Fought between the northern and southern states of the US. Causes of the war centered on the issue of slavery and the rights of the states vs. the federal government.
41
Hammurabi's Code
Early regulation of society with a basic outline that presumes innocence and follows "eye for an eye"
42
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who was the first to search for a water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific
43
Thomas Hobbes
Political philosopher and author of Leviathan, advocate of absolute monarchy; viewed authoritarian rule as the only security against humanity which he believed to be inherently cruel.
44
Stamp Act of 1765
Levied on only the American colonies, this tax was on all printed materials.
45
French Revolution
In 1789, the bourgeoisie rejected the power structure in France, declaring themselves a National Assembly with the powers separate from the monarch. This lead to further unrest between the classes.
46
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that portrayed the horrors of slavery.
47
Manifest Destiny
The belief during the nineteenth century that the US was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
48
Know-Nothing Party
A political organization which wanted to make it difficult for foreign-born people to become citizens or hold office.
49
Battle of Saratoga
Fought in New York, the American victory is often called the turning point of the Revolutionary War. 1777
50
Battles of Lexington and Concord
the battles that started the Revolutionary War
Example: The Americans won the battles, forcing the British to retreat back to Boston and proving that the Americans were a capable military force.
50
Mercy Otis Warren
a writer and historian who penned influential plays, essays, and a history of the American Revolution
50
Progressive Era
The rapid economic expansion of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to an increase in the difference between the haves and the have-nots, as well as the growth of oligopolies and monopolies
51
Apalachee
Native Florida tribe of the panhandle. Defined boundaries, ceramics culture, and social norms.
52
Jamestown Colony
First permanent English settlement in North America.
53
Reconstruction
The period after the Civil War where the Confederate states and the Union states began the rebuilding of a single nation. Legislation was passed to ensure equality for former slaves, but longterm impacts were limited.
54
Napoleonic Wars
a series of wars from 1803 to 1815 between France and various European nations
54
Panama Canal
A man-made waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean.
55
Pilgrims
a group of members of the Puritan Separatist Church, who set sail for the New World aboard the Mayflower
Example: The Pilgrims came to America seeking religious freedom during the reign of King James I.
56
Enlightenment
17th century intellectual movement centered on the belief that societies could improve through reason, science, and progress, primarily led by the philosophers: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu.
56
Compromise of 1850
A group of bills which alleviated conflict between the North and South regarding slavery in new states. Designed by Henry Clay.
57
Abigail Adams
wife of Founding Father and second US president John Adams
58
Communism
A political theory and economic system in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Example: Vietnam
59
Ulysses S. Grant
General during the Civil War (1861-1865) and later US president (1869-1877)
60
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
An agreement between 13 nations in response to Soviet aggression that an attack on one would be viewed as an attack on them all.
61
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Treaty signed on June 28, 1919, between the Allies and Germany, to end WWI
62
Democracy
A system of government in which all members of society have a share in decision making
63
Maya Civilization
(250 - 900 CE) a civilization from the modern-day Yucatan Peninsula; known for its advancement in mathematics, astronomy, and architecture, including elaborate pyramids
64
Axis Powers of WWII
Nazi Germany, Japan, Italy
65
Samuel Adams
Massachusetts lawyer and politician who became one of the Founding Fathers4
66
Conquistadores
Spanish explorers who searched for and found expansive amounts of gold in the New World.
67
Worcester v Georgia
A ruling by the Supreme Court in 1832 that said the Cherokee nation was a distinct community
67
First Seminole War
a war from 1817-1818 to defend Georgians form Seminole attacks
68
Tea Act of 1773
The British East India Company received permission from Parliament to have a monopoly on the sale of tea.
69
Aztec Native Americans
The tribe in central Mexico that ruled itself and used creativity in art, music, poetry, and tattoos. Built temples and used rituals including human sacrifice. Main city was Tenochtitlan, the current Mexico City.
70
Progressive Movement
A middle-class movement to correct changes in a system that had been corrupted by an abuse of power by the wealthy.
71
Ohio River Valley
a rich farmland on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains
72
Glorious Revolution
A revolution against James II of England and his absolute rule; also called the Bloodless Revolution. Paved the way for the creation of the English Bill of Rights and a constitutional monarchy. (1688)
73
Trench Warfare
A style of fighting used in WWI, in which troops lived in thousands of miles of trenchline
74
John Adams
Member of the First and Second Continental Congress, helped to author the Declaration of Independence. first vice-president of the US, second president of the US
75
Calusa
Native Florida tribe of the southern area. Highly civilized with sophisticated class hierarchy.
76
Captains of Industry
Men who had profited off of the industries most needed during the war and during the Second Industrial Revolution. (steel, oil, and the railroad)
77
Watergate
a scandal during the Nixon administration that led to Nixon's impeachment
78
Alexander Hamilton
first Secretary of the US Treasury, oversaw the creation of the Bank of the United States
79
Islamic Revolution (Iranian Revolution)
1979 (A.K.A. Iranian Revolution) uprising in Iran; led to the overthrow of the Western-backed Pahlavi monarchy and established an Islamic Republic under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini; fundamentally changed the social, political, and economic landscape of Iran, creating a much more conservative government of Islamic Fundamentalism
80
Model Parliament
Britain's first elected legislative body whose purpose was to tax the wealthy landowners and create laws, formed in 1295
81
French and Indian War / The Seven Years War
1756-1763. Conflict between the British and the French, who allied with Native American tribes. Britain's victory gave them all lands east of the Mississippi River and established them as the dominant force in North America.
82
Divine Right
Political doctrine that states that kings derive their power from God, not from their subjects; therefore kings are not subject to earthly authority. To question or rebel against their rule would be a sin
Example: King Louis XIV of France in 1600s
83
Pueblo Revolt
(1680) a successful Native American uprising against Spanish colonization in the Pueblo region of present-day New Mexico, leading to a temporary expulsion of the Spanish from the area
84
Confederation
an alliance of states in which each member state retains significant autonomy. During the American Revolution, the Articles of Confederation organized the US as a confederation.
85
Nativism
The policy of favoring native inhabitants of a country over immigrants
86
Benedict Arnold
a notorious traitor to Washington's army during the Revolution
87
Women's Rights Movement
Focused on women's right to vote, own property, retain their earnings, and participate in labor organizations.
88
Phillis Wheatley
an enslaved African American poet; wrote Poems on Various Subjects and Religious and Moral (1773) which challenged racial stereotypes and highlighted the cause of liberty
89
Inca Native Americans
The largest tribe located on the Pacific Coast of South America. Used mathematical skills. Believed in reincarnation and worshipped nature.
90
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896: The Supreme Court ruled in this case that racial segregation for public facilities was constitutional, as long as they were "separate but equal."
91
American Imperialism
The desire to extend America's political, economic, and cultural influence beyond the boundaries of the US
92
King George III
King of Britain during the American Revolution; enacted taxes on the colonies without allowing them representation in Parliament
93
Sputnik
The first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. Launched in 1957. Triggered the Space Race.
94
Joseph McCarthy
A Wisconsin Senator known for his anti-communist hearings in the 1950s.
95
Marquis de Lafayette
a French aristocrat and military officer Marquis de Lafayette fought alongside American forces in the Revolution
96
Imperialism
Practice of one country taking over another
Example: Great Britain controlling India
97
Korean War
1950-1953. A proxy war for the cold war. North and South Korea fought for control over the entire peninsula. United States intervened on the part of the South non-communist regime. It ended in a stalemate/armistice, with the temporary division between North and South Korea becoming a permanent boundary between two separate countries.
98
Secession
A formal withdrawal from the Union
99
Second Red Scare
A period of anti-communism hysteria during the early Cold War years. 1947
100
Freedman's Bureau
An agency developed by the War Department in 1865 to assist former slaves with food, housing, education, healthcare, and employment.
100
Radical Republicans
a strongly anti-slavery faction of the Republican Party during the Civil War and Reconstruction
101
Berlin Airlift
The aerial transport of supplies to the people of West Berlin by the United States and its allies.
102
Fort Sumter
Union-held fort in South Carolina; site of the Civil War battle that prompted the secession of Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina
103
Thomas Paine
An English-born American political activist and newspaper editor. Wrote "Common Sense," a pamphlet urging the colonists to be totally independent from Britain.
104
Jim Crow Laws
Laws written after Reconstruction that enforced segregation in the South. Restricted the civil rights of black citizens, such as voting and educational equalities.
105
Absolute Monarchy
Rule by one person who has supreme authority and is not restricted by written law.
106
Social Contract Theory
According to Locke, an agreement between citizens and their ruler in which the ruler derives his power from his subjects.
107
Federalism
The system of shared power between the national government and the state and local governments
108
Articles of Confederation
The first written constitution in the colonies, ratified in 1781.
109
Cherokee War
(1759 - 1761) a conflict between the Cherokee Nation and British colonists in the southeastern North American colonies, marked by a series of raids and battles, and it ultimately ended with a peace treaty in 1761
110
Great Depression
an unprecedented period of worldwide economic downturn that began in Oct. 1929 with the United States stock market crash and ended due to a combination of the New Deal and World War II
111
Harlem Renaissance
1920's, a surge of African American culture, specifically through the arts
112
Representative Democracy / Democratic Republic
A system of government in which all eligible citizens vote to elect representatives to act on their behalf
Example: The United States
113
Jacksonian Era / Era of The Common Man
The time period from about 1824 - 1837 that was greatly influenced by President Andrew Jackson
114
League of Nations
A diplomatic group of countries set up following World War I. The US did not join.
115
Prohibition
nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933
116
Selma To Montgomery March
A 54-mile march led by Martin Luther King, Jr to support the Civil Rights Act and gained national attention when President Lyndon B. Johnson spoke out in support of the march
117
Sugar Act of 1764
A tax enacted on all British colonies by Parliament on sugar, textiles, coffee, wine, and indigo.
118
Immigration Act of 1917
Forced literacy tests on immigrants, created new categories of inadmissible persons, and barred immigration from the Asia-Pacific zone.
119
Boston Massacre of 1770
British soldiers fired into a protesting mob; symbolizes the tension between the colonists and the British.
120
Bay of Pigs
A failed military invasion of Cuba in 1961.
120
Spanish Armada
Defeated by the English Navy led by Sir Francis Drake; established England as the leading European naval power
121
Xenophobia
The intense and irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries.
122
Sherman's March To The Sea
The battle in 1864 led by Union soldiers, General Ulysses S. Grant and General Sherman. They marched from Atlanta to Savannah and destroyed everything that the Union couldn't immediately use.The goal was breaking the desire for war by the South, who surrendered on April 9, 1865
123
13th Amendment
Made slavery illegal in the United States.
124
Militarism
Countries build up their armed forces
125
Temperance
A movement that began in the 1840's, dedicated to promoting moderation and even abstinence in the consumption of alcohol.
126
Gulf War
the 1990 war that resulting from Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait.
127
Triangular Trade
Trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa
128
Mercantilism
The economic idea that a country needs to amass wealth through more exporting than importing and measures wealth by the amount of gold that a nation possesses.
Example: The British thought that colonies should provide raw goods for cheap to them (cotton) and pay for manufactured goods from them (textiles).
129
Whiskey Rebellion
Rebellion of farmers in Pennsylvania in response to a tax on whiskey; suppressed by Washington's federal government. 1791
130
Tariff of Abominations
a tariff passed by the US Congress in 1828 to protect Northern industry
131
Henry Clay
American lawyer and statesman. Masterminded the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850. Sometimes called the Great Pacificator or the Great Compromiser.
132
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West
133
Assimilation
a process in which existing schemas are applied to new objects or situations
134
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Ended the French and Indian War, ceding all lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain
135
World Wide Web
An information space in which documents and resources can be accessed via the Internet.
136
English Bill of Rights
secured the power of the Parliament over the monarchy and guaranteed the individual rights of the citizens. (1689)
137
George Washington
the first president of the United States
Also served as:
a member of the First and Second Continental Congress
Commander-in-Chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution
President of the Constitutional Convention
138
Betsy Ross
traditionally credited with creating the first American flag; this is historically debated, but, she symbolizes the role of women in helping form an early national identity
139
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
140
Henry Kissinger
National Security Advisor for President Nixon
141
Pearl Harbor
Site of a surprise attack on the port of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii by the Japanese Navy. After, the United States had no choice but to enter the war.
142
The Jungle
Novel by Upton Sinclair; exposed horrors of meatpacking industry; prompted federal regulation of food
143
First Continental Congress
Colonists began to unify by sending representatives to voice opposition to the Intolerable Acts and the violation of the right of self-governance.
144
John Locke
Enlightenment-Era political philosopher; wrote about social contract theory and a limited monarchy; believed in the natural rights of life, liberty, and property; inspired American Declaration of Independence
Example: Advocated that a ruler rules with the consent of the governed
145
Vietnam War
1955-1975, United States intervened on the part of the non-communist regime, however, under enormous pressure from home, the United States finally pulled out of the war, allowing the North Vietnamese to easily overcome the stunted South Vietnamese army
146
Justinian's Code of Laws
Laws compiled in early 500 A.D. by Emperor Justinian of Rome
147
Holocaust
Intentional genocide of the Jewish people of Europe is known today as the Holocaust, and took the lives of an estimated six million Jews.
148
Intolerable Acts / Coercive Acts of 1774
A series of laws aimed at punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. These policies effectively closed Boston Harbor for the importation and exportation of goods.
149
Benjamin Franklin
Known as one of the founding fathers of America; helped to write the Declaration of Independence; served as a delegate to the Constitutional Conventions.
150
Sharecropping
a farming practice where landowners hired tenants to work the land in return for a share of the harvest
151
Columbian Exchange
The transferring of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the Americas after Christopher Columbus' arrival.
152
Hernando de Soto
Spanish explorer (conquistador) who arrived in Florida in 1539 hoping to colonize and find treasure. Explored modern-day Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arkansas. Died unsuccessfully in 1542.
153
Herbert Hoover
31st president of the United States; president at the beginning of the Great Depression
154
Nazi Party
the National Socialist German Workers Party led by Adolf Hitler; responsible for the Holocaust, which killed millions of Jewish people, political prisoners, and others
155
Cahokia Mounds
large, earthen, man-made mounds that are the remnants of a large ancient Native American city
156
Shays' Rebellion
an uprising of farmers in Massachusetts following the American Revolution that highlighted the weaknesses of the new nation
157
The New Deal
A series of policies, public work projects, and financial reforms passed by Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1936 in an attempt to stimulate the economy
Example: Social Security, unemployment benefis, FDIC
158
Great Society
A series of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ).
Example: Medicare and Medicaid
159
Seminole Indian Wars
A series of wars in Florida between the US and the Seminole Native Americans. Resulted in Seminole being pushed out of their homelands into the Everglades or West of the Mississippi.
160
Andrew Carnegie
known as a captain of industry or robber baron; the founder of Carnagie Steel (later U.S. Steel Corporation); made a fortune during the Gilded Age partially due to monopolistic practices and a lack of labor regulations
161
Pontiac's Rebellion
(1763) an indigenous uprising against British colonial expansion in the Great Lakes region, led by Chief Pontiac, resulting in a series of attacks and sieges on British forts and settlements and ultimately ending with a treaty acknowledging British sovereignty
162
Timucua
Native Florida tribe of the north and east coast. Politically divided chiefdoms
163
John Jay
first chief justice of the Supreme Court
164
Seminoles
Descendants of Creek Indians who migrated to Florida after the three main tribes were killed by raids and disease.
165
Robert E. Lee
commander of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War
166
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty signed in 1848 that ended the Mexican-American War, sparked by the Texas Revolution. Gave the US an additional 525,000 square miles for $15,000,000.
167
General Sherman
Union general who set out to capture Savannah, destroying much of Georgia's resources along the way
168
Globalization
when countries and people become more connected and share things like goods, ideas, and cultures worldwide, often because of technology and improved communication
169
Mesoamerica
A region in the Americas extending from central Mexico through parts of Central America prior to Spanish exploration.
170
Big Stick Diplomacy
Foreign policy of US president Theodore Roosevelt: "Speak softly and carry a big stick."
170
World War I (WWI)
Fought from 1914-1919 between the Central Powers (mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) and the Allied Powers (mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States).
171
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United states. He was president during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
172
The American Revolution of 1776 / The War for Independence
The war for independence between the American colonies and Great Britain.
173
National Park system
President Theodore Roosevelt doubled the size of the National Park system. He also passed legislation allowing himself and future presidents to declare sites and structures as historical landmarks that would then be owned and protected by the federal government.
174
Era of Good Feelings
Period after the War of 1812 during which there was a desire for unity and optimism about the future.
175
The Scopes Monkey Trial
A landmark trial in 1925 that sought to overturn the Butler Act. While it did not, it is seen as an important trial that paved the way for teaching evolution in public schools
176
Abolitionists
People who believed slavery was wrong and immoral
177
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
a terrorist white supremacist hate group created during Reconstruction to prevent African Americans from gaining political power that would go on to attack immigrants and Catholics
178
Transcontinental Railroad
Built between 1863 and 1869 and connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
179
Crispus Attucks
often considered the first casualty of the American Revolution; a sailor of mixed African and indigenous ancestry, he was killed in the Boston Massacre in 1770
180
Constitutional Monarchy
Governmental system in which a country is ruled by a monarch who is limited in power by a constitution.
181
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Passed in an attempt to eliminated legal barriers to voting.
182
King Phillip's War
War between Native Americans and New England Colonists (1675-1678)
183
U.S. Constitution
Document which lays the foundation for the US government and provides a blueprint of democracy for the rest of the world
184
Trail of Tears
forced relocation of Native Americans from Georgia and other regions of the South to Indian Territory established in Oklahoma; Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and Cherokee people were forced to march more than 1,000 miles; killed thousands of men, women, and children
185
Dawes Severalty Act
Divided reservation land into individual plots assigned to each male head of household.
186
Fugitive Slave Act
Required escaped enslaved people to be returned to their owners
187
Homestead Act of 1862
Gave 160 acres of land to American settlers if they would farm it. Settled the Great Plains but led to conflicts with Native Americans.
188
Christopher Columbus
Italian explorer who searched for alternate routes to India by traveling west across the Atlantic on four different trips.
189
Salutary Neglect
Parliamentary laws that are not strictly enforced
190
Nathan Hale
an American spy, famously declared, "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country" before being executed by the British
191
Iroquois Confederacy / Iroquois League
A confederacy of six different tribes that was the most powerful native group in the Northeast; expanded tribes through war and conquest. Member tribes: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora
192
Nationalism
Nationalism is a strong, often excessive, sense of loyalty and devotion to one's own nation, often accompanied by a belief in its superiority over others.
193
Quartering Act of 1765
Required colonists to provide room and board to British soldiers.
194
Boston Tea Party
Colonists dumped hundreds of pounds of the British East India Company's tea into Boston Harbor in protest of the Tea Act.
195
Nativists
Americans who opposed immigration
196
Ottoman Empire / Turkish Empire
Founded in the late 1200s in modern-day Turkey, the Ottoman empire expanded to control Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.
197
Second Industrial Revolution
the unprecedented increase in economic productivity during the late 1800s. Included large leaps forward in technology with expansion of use of electricity, petroleum, and steel.
198
Mexican-American War / Mexican War
1846 - 1848. A war between the United States and Mexico over western territories (specifically sparked by annexation of Texas).
199
Treaty of Payne’s Landing
The 1832 agreement guaranteeing Seminoles land east of the Mississippi River if they left Florida
200
Iran-Contra Affair
A political scandal in which senior officials in the Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran and then channeled the money that was channeled to the Contras, a rebel group overthrowing the Nicaraguan government
201
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr
Became a national hero for civil rights in the Montgomery Bus Boycott; a reverend with a PhD in systematic theology, his activism employed philosophical ideas of racial equity within society that resonated with many Americans
202
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Regulated business practices.
203
World War II (WWII)
Fought from 1939-1945 between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) and Allied powers (France, Great Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union).
204
Feminist Theory
focuses on gender dynamics, representation of women, and the critique of patriarchal structures in literature
Example: How are the female characters, like Juliet and Lady Capulet, represented in the play?
205
Declaration of Independence
Document adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. Signed by representatives from all 13 colonies. The document outlined the complaints the colonists had about Great Britain and officially declared the US free from British rule.
206
Juan Ponce De León
Credited as the first European explorer of modern Florida
207
Missouri Compromise
The document that allowed Missouri to be inducted into the Union as a slave state and Maine tobe inducted as a free state. Designed by Henry Clay to ensure a balance of slave and free states.
208
Alien and Sedition Acts
laws passed during the Quasi-War with France that changed naturalization laws and encouraged deportation of non-citizens
209
Democratic - Republicans
A political party created in opposition to the idea of a strong central government; advocated for states' rights
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Battle of Gettysburg
The Union defeat of the South's army which was led by General Robert E. Lee, in 1863, and which served as a turning point of the war
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Isolationism
Nationally abstaining from alliances and international policies and economic relations. Usually involves putting one's countries needs above foreign involvement.
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Assembly Line
Refined by Henry Ford in 1909 to improve the process of mass production.
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Second Continental Congress
Issued the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776
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Louisiana Purchase / Louisiana Territory
The contract between President Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon that acquired the land from the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains for $15,000,000.
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Though unenforced, it established that the Northwest territories (modern-day Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio) were free territories, officially outlawing slavery in those locations.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
Passed in 1854; allowed each state to choose whether it would allow slavery or not.
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Andrew Johnson
seventeenth president of the United States.
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Two resolutions drafted in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. They asserted states' rights to nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional, sparking ongoing debates on federal-state power dynamics and shaping later arguments behind southern secession before the Civil War
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Allied Powers of WWI
Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan, and the United States4
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Florida Purchase Treaty / Adams-Onis Treaty
The treaty signed in 1819 between Spain and the U.S that gave the US the Florida territory
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First Red Scare
a period of anti-communist and anti-socialist popular sentiment in the United States starting in 1917
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Paul Revere
famous for his midnight ride in April 1775 to warn of British troop movements, signaling the start of the American Revolution; a messenger and patriot who became a symbol of American resistance
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Henry Ford
An engineer who established Ford Motor Company in Detroit and created the world's first moving assembly line for cars.
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Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
As a Senator in Texas in the 1950s, he spearheaded the NASA Space program in Houston,Texas. He later became President of the United States after the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963. Architect of the Great Society programs to combat poverty.
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Anti-Federalists
Did not want to extend the powers of the national government.
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Treaty of 1818
An agreement between the US and Great Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon territory.
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Women's Suffrage
The right of women to vote in political elections.
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Popular Sovereignty
The idea that all powers of government ultimately rest in the people
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Domino Theory
the theory that once a nation became communist, surrounding countries will follow
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impressment
The taking by force of military or naval soldiers; forced recruitment. The British manned many ships with "pressed" men taken from American sailors.
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Nullification Crisis of 1832
a confrontation between the federal government and the government of South Carolina revolving around the argument that states could choose to not follow federal laws they felt were unconstitutional
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Emancipation Proclamation
The declaration by President Lincoln that freed slaves in rebelling states.
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War of 1812
Battle between the US and the British Empire mainly over the British trying to restrict US trade. Sometimes called the "second war of independence."
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Fascism
a far-right, authoritarian political ideology that promotes dictatorial power, extreme nationalism, suppression of opposition, and often the belief in the supremacy of one nation or race
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Internal Improvement Act
an act passed by the Florida legislature offering free land to people willing to invest in the transportation infrastructure.
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Thomas Jefferson
Author of the Declaration of Independence; one of America's founding fathers; third president of the United States.
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Urbanization
The process of a society becoming more urban, with growing populations in dense city centers and a move away from rural living
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Supply Side Economics / Reaganomics
the belief that government intervention in trade should focus on increasing the ability of suppliers to produce. This policy dominated the 1980s
Example: Governments might lower barriers to entry in markets through the reduction of regulation and taxation.
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
Ended the Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain and recognized American independence. Signed in 1783
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Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution which protected legal rights and civil rights of individuals. Created in 1791.
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Direct Democracy
A system of government in which all eligible citizens can vote on every issue
Example: Ancient Greeks
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Separate but Equal
the idea set in Plessy v Ferguson that public services could be separated by race but still provide equal services; ruled unconstitutional by Brown v. Board of Education
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Rosa Parks
Famous activist for African American rights who refused to give up her seat while riding a bus, which instigated the Montgomery Bus Boycott
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Townshend Act of 1767
Levied new taxes on imported items like paper, glass, lead, tea, and paint.
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Patrick Henry
revolutionary leader noted for his oratorical skills and strong support of republicanism
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rust belt
describes Northeastern states after an economic and population shift to Southern and Southwestern states in the 1960s that caused many Northeastern factories to close
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John Hancock
the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence
Example: John Hancock was an American statesman and a prominent figure in the American Revolution, remembered for his large, bold signature on the Declaration of Independence.
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Proclamation of Neutrality
Issued in 1793; declared that the US would not interfere/involve itself in European conflicts.
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Alliances
Partnerships or agreements between nations for a common goal, usually militaristic
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Peter Salem
an African American who fought as a patriot in the Battle of Bunker Hill and became known for his heroic actions
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Third Seminole War
The last of the Seminole wars, following which most of the Native Americans left or were forcefully removed.
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Separation of Powers
Division of power into three branches of government to prevent corruption or concentration of power; executive, judicial, legislative
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Checks and Balances
Each branch has the power to limit the power of the other two branches
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Ellis Island
Located in New York; used as a gateway for immigrants until 1954.
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Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer who organized the first expedition to circumnavigate the earth
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Reconstruction Acts of 1867
The sweeping social, economic, and political reforms passed by Republicans in Congress
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Ronald Reagan
Elected in 1981, giving a strong boost to the conservative movement
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Space Race
Competition between the Soviet Union and America to explore space.
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Second Seminole War
The war resulting from the US army's enforcement of the Treaty of Payne's Landing
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Russian Revolution
A battle over political party power between the socialist movement (Mensheviks) and the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) in Russia
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Containment (Cold War policy)
The containment policy in the Cold War was a strategy employed by the United States to prevent the spread of communism by containing its expansion, primarily through diplomatic, economic, and military means.
Example: The Korean and Vietnam Wars were "proxy wars" fought to contain the influences of communism.
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK)
United States President from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
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Brown v. Board of Education
1954: The Supreme Court ruled in this case that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional; this overturned the finding in Plessy v. Ferguson
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Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) / Star Wars
Ronald Reagan's attempted anti-missile system that could stop missiles coming from space
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Cuban Missile Crisis
A thirteen-day stand-off between the United States and the Soviet Union over the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba in 1962.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
34th president of the United States
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Marshall Plan
An American aid plan for Western Europe after World War II.
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Fidel Castro
Communist leader of Cuba
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Truman Doctrine
pledge by President Truman to support any nation against communism
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Fair Deal
a program promoted by President Truman aimed at extending benefits of the New Deal
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National Interstate and Defense Highways Act of 1956
established the Interstate Highway System, a massive network of highways throughout the United States
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McCarthyism
An anti-communist movement lead by Senator Joseph McCarthy
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Berlin Wall
the barrier that separated East Berlin from West Berlin
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
ensured access to voting for African-Americans, desegregated schools, ensured equal access to public housing, and outlawed discrimination in employment
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Soviet Union
Communist Russia
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Civil Rights Movement
nonviolent social movement in the 1960s that promoted the outlawing of racial discrimination against African Americans; notably led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955-1957, Montgomery NAACP staged a two year protest of public buses to fight against segregation until the Supreme Court ruled segregation of city busses unconstitutional
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March On Washington
A march for the passage of the Civil Rights Act in which more than 200,000 people marched alongside Martin Luther King, Jr.
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Andrew Jackson
7th President (1829 - 1837); responsible for:
Rise of populism
Rise of the Democratic Party
Indian Removal Act and Trail of Tears
rose to fame as a military leader during the War of 1812
