US 10: American Society Flashcards
1
Q
What was the NAWSA?
A
National American Woman Suffrage Association created
2
Q
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
A
Founded the National Women’s suffrage association.
3
Q
What were the effects of mass immigration?
A
- Developed USA at faster rate than other countries because immigration was cheap labour
- Social divisions increased e.g. Chinese discrimination in San Francisco -> exclusion act of 1882
4
Q
What were the reactions of mass immigration?
A
- Reactions
- Immigrants welcomed by employers as cheap labour -> easy target for Americans who feared rapid changes = immigrants used to replace striking workers and contributed to overcrowding = racial and ethnic conflict
- Easy for opponents to see cultural and religious interests as un-american + argued that southern/eastern european didn’t assimilate as well as northern + had bad ideas like anarchism
- 1887, American Protective Association was set up to pressure gov. to limit immigration & Anglo-saxon, protestant tradition was undermined
- Anti-immigration forces has limited success before WW1, but 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act stopped China, Japan in 1908
5
Q
Mass immigration
A
- Mass immigration
- 1860-1900 = 14 million immigrants arrived in US, all time high in 1901 to 1910
- Immigrants from Europe left NY for cities where they could exploit cheap labour
- Chinese and japanese immigrants went to San Francisco, 1890 = 1/10 of population was Chinese
- Immigration was a major reason why USA progressed so quickly - as workers and consumers
- Assimilated well into US society & formed unskilled workforce in growing industries
- Most were grateful for any job, estimated that by 1900 over 2/3 arrived in previous 20 years lived below subsistence level
6
Q
Provide an overview of immigration and urbanisation 1890-1917
A
- Social change shaped by great Atlantic Migration
- 18 million + entering
- Immigration = symptom and cause of economic expansion
- Victims but also shaped culture e.g. ‘Little Italy’
1890s immigration was mainly from countries like Russia (jews), Germany, French, Ireland (especially because of the potato famine) and other eastern european countries. The religious landscape of America would change. 3.5 million, half were southern or eastern
7
Q
large scale immigration caused fear and where did Irish and German immigrants settle?
A
- IRISH remained in NY and Boston as low wage unskilled workers despite being farmers at home, women were servants or factory workers
- GERMANS worked as farmers, some were businessmen (brewers) and people like - little Germany in Manhattan, Cincinnati
- 1890s scientific theories limited certain races to
8
Q
Peak 1901 to 1914
A
Peak 1901 to
outbreak of WW1 in 1914, 13 million immigrants came to the US
1840-1914 = 40
million immigrated to US
20 million people
emigrated to other parts of the Western Hemisphere e.g. Brazil, Caribbean,
Canada, Argentina
9
Q
What was the main pull factor for immigrants?
A
OPPORTUNITY:
- There was so much work that companies used labour recruiters who went to Europe to advertise opportunities
- And passage was cheap, fast 8-12 days
- Lower east side of Manhattan was first magnet = germans, russian jews, italians -> recreated their own towns and neighbourhoods
- Conditions in these cities were bad but improved with the construction of elevated railroads + subways that relieved traffic = created new problem of pickpockets
- New transportation technology polluted cities and enabled a greater degree of residential segregation in cities
- Notable feature of gilded age cities were that the rich and poor lived in close proximity to each other = with urbanisation and growing distance between classes, it became more visible -> responses were creation of suburbs, politics = start of progressive era
10
Q
Describe mass immigration during this time
A
- 1890-WW1 = 18.4 million
- 1/3 all jews in Russia and EE emigrated to US
- ‘push’ factors = poverty in Italy, Russification in Tsarist Russia
- ‘pull’ factors = america idealised
- Boosted by transport, communication, tech (ships)
- New immigration centre opened on Ellis Island to deal with overwhelming arrival
- 1892
- 20% scandanavians returned, 60% italians, 3% russian jews = reflecting different motivations
- 80% italian = male -> work and send money home but jews came to settle (50% female, 25% children)
- Jew 1908-1912 = 80% men and 63% woman were literate
11
Q
How did urbanisation develop
A
- How did urbanisation develop
- 1890-1914 = skyline, construction boom -> new commercial + civic buildings, housing, tramways and elevated railways
- Accelerated ads of modern mass ent. = theatres, music halls + emerging film industry
- Concentrated mostly in North and Eastbut also brought street lighting, trams, civic buildings, public utilities to small towns
- Factors other than immigration = population 1900 76 mil to 100 mil 1920, internal migration from countryside, 1910 -> AA moved out of South
- Immigration did most for construction, service industries + sweatshops
12
Q
What were the consequences of immigration and urbanisation on society and culture
A
- What were the consequences of immigration and urbanisation on society and culture
- People thought harmonious society would be created by mixing cultures in ‘melting pot’ but reality was different communities patched together: Irish, German, polish, Jewish
- Industrialised north east speed of urbanisation + social change was greatest e.g. densely populated Manhattan Jewish clashed with Irish and Italian
- 22 German language news papers
13
Q
Describe social and ethnic divisions
A
- Describe social and ethnic divisions
- People wanted protection from discrimination and accepted politicians who used this for patronage to secure votes e.g. Tammany Hall in NYC
- Backlash against this was mostly Catholic = why populism grew in S and W in 1890s
- Samuel Gompers + leaders of TU anxious to strengthen power against employers = immigrants complex relationship (seen as threat because unskilled and could be used to undercut wages or break strikes) = source of tension with older and younger generations made worse by religious tensions (Protestants v Catholics)
- Homestead Strike 1892, Pullman Strike 1894 blamed on ‘foreign agitators’
14
Q
Regional Divisions: North East
A
- North East
- Urbanisation and social change greatest
- Mississippi and north Ohio had powerhouse industries, booming cities, concentrated transport networks = engines of change
- More european where political, business and cultural elites were open to influence
- Important social change seemed big because of dominance of NE when it really wasn’t nationwide
15
Q
Regional Divisons: South
A
- South
- Politically separate entirely dominated at state and federal level by democratic party
- Economically different dominated by plantation system + ‘King Cotton’
- Socially separate with whites resistant to change + rare for Europeans to move there (11 Italians killed by lynch mob in New Orleans 1891)
- Population shifts = 1910+ AA moved north, this increased during WW1
