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Pulmonology > URTIs- Cross > Flashcards

URTIs- Cross Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of virus is the Rhinovirus?

A

Icosahedral, non-enveloped (+)sense single-stranded linear RNA virus

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of URTIs?

A

Rhinovirus

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3
Q

Does Rhinovirus cause GI illness?

A

No, the virus is acid labile (helps to distinguish between rhinovirus and coronavirus)

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4
Q

Transmission of Rhinovirus?

A

Respiratory droplets; person to person or indirectly by droplets being deposited on surfaces or hands

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5
Q

Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus?

A

Binds to ICAM-1 on respiratory epithelium–> infects the cells

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6
Q

Treatment for Rhinovirus?

A

Supportive

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7
Q

What kind of virus is Coronavirus?

A

Helical, enveloped, (+)sense single-stranded linear RNA virus

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8
Q

What disease(s) can Coronavirus cause?

A

URTI, GI illness, MERS, and SARS

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9
Q

Clinically with a URTI, can you distinguish between Rhinovirus and Coronavirus?

A

No, identical symptoms

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10
Q

Describe Bordetella Pertussis (the organism)

A

Small coccobacillarym, encapsulated gram(-) rod

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11
Q

What does Bordetella Pertussis cause?

A

Whooping Cough

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Bordetella Pertussis?

A

A-B toxin stimulates adenylate cyclase by catalyzing the addition of ADP-ribosylation to the inhibitory subunit of the G protein complex (Gi)–> overactive adenylate cyclase leads to a rise in cAMP levels and thus overactive cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity–> impaired phagocytosis and cilia activity

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13
Q

Transmission of Bordetella Pertussis?

A

Airborne droplets, highly contagious

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14
Q

3 stages of Bordetella Pertussis?

A

Catarrhal- 2 weeks of mild URT symptoms

Paroxysmal- 2-3 months of severe cough (whooping sound)

Convalescent- 1-2 weeks of reduction in coughing

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15
Q

Notable finding on CBC in Bordetella Pertussis?

A

Lymphocytosis; Bordetella toxin impairs lymphocytic transmigration into lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

Diagnosis of Bordetella Pertussis?

A

Nasopharyngeal swab (PCR) or culture

17
Q

Treatment of Bordetella Pertussis?

A

Azithromycin for all individuals with (+) lab diagnosis regardless of age/symptoms

18
Q

Prevention of Bordetella Pertussis?

A

DTaP vaccine

19
Q

Description of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae (organism)

A

Gram(+) bacillus, pleomorphic, club-shaped, arranged in palisades

20
Q

What does Corynebacterium Diphtheriae cause?

A

Diphtheria

21
Q

Pathogenesis of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae?

A

A-B toxin blocks protein synthesis by inactivating EF-2–> decreased protein synthesis (think “DEF-theria)

22
Q

Why will Rhinovirus NOT cause pneumonia?

A

It doesn’t grow at 37 degrees; that’s why it infects the URT

23
Q

Why isn’t there a vaccine for Rhinovirus?

A

There are too many serotypes (over 100)

24
Q

Generalized symptoms of Diphtheriae?

A

Sore throat getting progressively worse; Malaise/fatigue/low-grade fever

25
Q

2 most distinct features of Diphtheriae?

A

“Bull Neck” (Cervical lymphadenopathy) and pseudomembrane formation in the pharynx

26
Q

Why is the pseudomembrane formation a concern in Diphtheria?

A

It can cause mechanical obstruction of the airway; it also serves as a platform for bacterial growth and toxin production

27
Q

Diagnosis of Diphtheria?

A

Throat swab culture on Loeffler’s medium, tellurite plate–> will turn grey black; Blood agar also used

28
Q

2 more specific symptoms seen in Diphtheria (not bull neck or pseudomembrane)

A

Cardiac dysfunction (Myocarditis) and Neurologic toxicity (especially in cranial nerves) (I know that’s a shitty question)

29
Q

Treatment of Diphtheria?

A

Antitoxin administration AND either PCN/erythromycin

30
Q

Why are children more at risk for Acute Otitis Media?

A

Their eustachian tubes are shorter, more narrow, and more horizontal than adults (perfect for bacterial incubation)

31
Q

3 bacteria that cause Acute Otitis Media (in decreasing order of prevalence)?

A

Strep Pneumoniae; Haemophilus Influenzae; Moraxella Catarrhalis

32
Q

Treatment of Acute Otitis Media?

A

Amoxicillin is 1st line; if patients are unresponsive or had recent abx–> Augmentin

33
Q

What is Epiglottitis?

A

Acute inflammation in the supraglottic region of the oropharynx

34
Q

What causes Epiglottitis (decreasing order of prevalence)?

A

Haemophilus Influenza–> H.parainfluenzae–> S.pneumoniae–>GAS

35
Q

Typical patient that gets Epiglottitis?

A

Urban male in his 40s

36
Q

Prognosis of Epiglottitis?

A

Good, unless it goes unrecognized, then airway obstruction can ensue–> death risk is high

37
Q

Treatment of Epiglottitis?

A

Ceftriaxone

38
Q

What do you seen on X-ray with Epiglottitis?

A

Thumb sign; swelling of the larynx

Pulmonology (31 decks)

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