Pharm - Asthma Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Parasympathetic nerves control what 2 structures in lungs?

A

Bronchial smooth muscle, mucosal glands

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2
Q

Mucosal cells have what type of muscarinic receptors?

A

M1, M3

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3
Q

Bronchial SM has what type of muscarinic receptors?

A

M2, M3

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4
Q

Besides bronchial SM, where else can M2 receptors be found? What is their purpose here?

A

M2 receptors can be found at pre ganglionic nerve terminal, inhibit release of Ach into synapse of neuromuscular junction

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5
Q

Besides muscarinic receptor at parasympathetic pre ganglionic nerve terminal, what other receptor is present? What is released from it?

A

Nicotinic receptors, release Ach

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6
Q

The only receptor (if you block it) at presynaptic ganglion terminal that blocks ganglionic signal (blocks the release of Ach from the nerve terminal) is?

A

nicotinic receptor

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7
Q

In asthma exacerbation, what neurotransmitter is released via post ganglionic parasympathetic nerves, worsening the asthma?

A

Ach released into NMJ, worsening bronchoconstriction

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8
Q

In asthma, what does the accumulation of eosinophils at the parasympathetic post ganglionic synapse cause?

A

Eosinophil accumulation will inhibit M2 receptors at NMJ, allowing Ach to be released, worsening the asthma exacerbation

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9
Q

Sympathetic innervation of lung primarily along what? What receptors here?

A

blood vessels, alpha 1,2, beta2

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10
Q

Adrenergic receptor density highest in what part of lungs?

A

bronchioles

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11
Q

Muscarinic receptor density highest in what part of lungs?

A

Trachea, upper airways

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12
Q

Which is more effects, B2 agonists or muscarinic antagonists? Why

A

B2 agonists, because of location of B2 receptors. They are in the bronchioles vs muscarinic receptors being in the trachea and upper airways.

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13
Q

Norepi stimulates what receptors?

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1

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14
Q

Beta 2 receptors can only be stimulated by what adrenergic neurotransmitter?

A

Epinephrine. not norepi

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15
Q

Nonspecific beta agonists?

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Ephedrine
  • Isoproterenol
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16
Q

B2 specific, quick onset-short acting drugs?

A
  • Albuterol
  • Xopenex (Levalbuterol)
  • Terbutaline
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17
Q

B2 specific, slow onset- long acting drugs?

A
  • Salmeterol
  • Salmeterol + Fluticasone (Advair)
  • Formoterol
  • Formoterol + Budesonide (Symbicort)
  • Formoterol +Mometasone
18
Q

Sympathomimetics relation with cAMP?

A

B2 agonists increase rate of cAMP synthesis, which causes bronchodilation

19
Q

B2 agonists increase cAMP levels via what mechanism

A

stimulate adenylyl cyclase to increase production of cAMP

20
Q

MOA of Theophylline

A

B2 agonist. PDE-inhibitor, prevents breakdown of cAMP to AMP, allowing increased cAMP levels = bronchodilation

21
Q

Adenosine and Acetylcholine on bronchial tone?

A

bronchoconstriction

22
Q

Major adverse effect of beta agonists?

A

hypokalemia- QT prolongation = fatal arrhythmias (be careful with drugs causing hypokalemia like Loop/Thiazide Diuretics)

23
Q

Antimuscarinic drugs?

A

Atropine
Ipratropium
Tiotropium
Umeclidinium

24
Q

MOA of antimuscarinics?

A

Compete with acetylcholine for muscarinic receptor binding

25
Q

Adverse effect of antimuscarinics?

A

Contact with medication and touching eye can cause pupillary dilation and cycloplegia

26
Q

What is the mechanism of Cromolyn?

A

Inhibit mast cell degranulation, inhibit the inflammatory response, reduces bronchial hyperactivity

27
Q

Mechanism of action of Glucocorticoids?

A

combines with GRa in the cytosol–> inhibits NF-kB–>inhibits transcription of inflammatory genes

28
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on Th2 cells?

A

Competes with GATA-3 for translocation to the nucleus to prevent transcription of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13

29
Q

ADE of glucocorticoids?

A

oral candidiasis, decreased bone density in premenopausal women, decreased growth rate of children, glucose intolerance, increase blood pressure/weight, immunosuppresion

30
Q

What is Lipocortin? What is the effect of glucocorticoids on it?

A

It suppresses phospholipase a2, glucocorticoids up regulate transcription of Lipocortin–> decrease inflammation

31
Q

What is Cushingoid Syndrome?

A

Cushing like syndrome seen in chronic glucocorticoid therapy, especially in children; Weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump, acanthosis

32
Q

Which has more of a role in acute bronchoconstriction, Leukotrienes of histamine?

A

Leukotrienes are 1000x more potent

33
Q

What are the 2 LTD4 receptor antagonists?

A

Zafirlukast and Monteleukast

34
Q

What kind of asthma CAN leukotriene modifiers be fairly effective in?

A

ASA induced asthma

35
Q

Name the Leukotriene synthesis blocker

A

Zileuton

36
Q

What does Zileuton do?

A

Inhibit syntehsis of LTB4, C4, D4, E4; Decreases smooth muscle contraction and blood vessel permeability, reduced leukocyte migration to the affected area

37
Q

Main ADE of Zileuton?

A

Causes elevation of hepatic enzymes–> Check LFTs

38
Q

What is the IgE monoclonal antibody?

A

Omalizumab

39
Q

Efficacy of Bupropion in treatment of COPD?

A

Anti-depressant that helps to block nicotinic receptors

40
Q

Possible role of Theophylline in COPD therapy?

A

Theophylline recruits histone deacetylase II–> inhibits transcription of inflammatory genes–> less damage to lung parenchyma

41
Q

Beta agonists effective in early, late, or both phases of an asthma attack?

A

Early phase (bronchoconstriction); don’t really play a role in the late phase (inflammatory)