Urology Pathology Overview Flashcards
how may renal disease present?
> pain > pyrexia > haematuria > proteinuria > pyuria > mass > renal failure
what is oliguria?
increased urine output
what is anuria?
no urine output
what is polyuria?
urine output
what is nocturia?
waking up at night to micturate more than 1 occasion
what is nocturnal polyuria?
nocturnal urine output more than 1/3 of total urine output in 24 hours
what is the RIFLE staging used in acute kidney injury?
Risk Injury Failure Loss End stage kidney disease
what are the functions of the kidneys?
> endocrine function > body fluid homeostasis > electrolyte homeostasis > acid-base homeostasis > regulation of vascular tone > excretory function
how may chronic renal failure present?
> asymptomatic > tiredness > anaemia > oedema > high blood pressure > bone pain
how may advanced renal failure present?
> nausea > dyspnoea > pericarditis > neuropathy > coma
what could cause intra-luminal ureteric obstruction?
> stone
> blood clot
what could cause intramural uretic obstruction?
> scar tissue
> TCC
what could cause extra-luminal uretic obstruction?
> pelvic mass
> lymph nodes
how may uretic disease present?
> pain > pyrexia > haematuria > palpable mass > renal failure
how may bladder disease present?
> pain > pyrexia > haematuria > storage problems > voiding problems > recurrent UTI > urinary retention > urinary leak > pneumaturia
how may bladder outflow tract disease present?
> pain > pyrexia > haematuria > recurrent UTIs > acute urinary retention > chronic urinary retention
what is acute urinary retention?
painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder
what is immediate treatment for acute urinary retention?
catheterisation
what complications can arise from acute urinary retention?
> UTI > post decompression haematuria > pathological diuresis > renal failure > electrolyte
what is chronic urinary retention?
painless, palpable and percussible bladder after voiding
what is the main aetiological factor in chronic urinary retention?
detrusor underactivity
what is the immediate treatment in chronic urinary retention?
catheterisation
what complications can occur in chronic urinary retention?
> UTI > post decompressional haematuria > pathological diuresis > electrolyte abnormalities > persistent renal dysfunction
what complications can arise from urinary tract infections?
> infective sepsis > renal failure > bladder malignancy > acute urinary retention > frank haematuria > bladder/renal stones