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Urology > Urology Pathology Overview > Flashcards

Urology Pathology Overview Flashcards

1
Q

how may renal disease present?

A 
> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> proteinuria
> pyuria
> mass 
> renal failure
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2
Q

what is oliguria?

A

increased urine output

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3
Q

what is anuria?

A

no urine output

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4
Q

what is polyuria?

A

urine output

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5
Q

what is nocturia?

A

waking up at night to micturate more than 1 occasion

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6
Q

what is nocturnal polyuria?

A

nocturnal urine output more than 1/3 of total urine output in 24 hours

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7
Q

what is the RIFLE staging used in acute kidney injury?

A 
Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss
End stage kidney disease
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8
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys?

A 
> endocrine function
> body fluid homeostasis
> electrolyte homeostasis
> acid-base homeostasis
> regulation of vascular tone
> excretory function
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9
Q

how may chronic renal failure present?

A 
> asymptomatic
> tiredness
> anaemia
> oedema
> high blood pressure
> bone pain
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10
Q

how may advanced renal failure present?

A 
> nausea
> dyspnoea
> pericarditis
> neuropathy
> coma
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11
Q

what could cause intra-luminal ureteric obstruction?

A

> stone

> blood clot

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12
Q

what could cause intramural uretic obstruction?

A

> scar tissue

> TCC

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13
Q

what could cause extra-luminal uretic obstruction?

A

> pelvic mass

> lymph nodes

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14
Q

how may uretic disease present?

A 
> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> palpable mass
> renal failure
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15
Q

how may bladder disease present?

A 
> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> storage problems
> voiding problems
> recurrent UTI
> urinary retention
> urinary leak
> pneumaturia
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16
Q

how may bladder outflow tract disease present?

A 
> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> recurrent UTIs
> acute urinary retention
> chronic urinary retention
17
Q

what is acute urinary retention?

A

painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder

18
Q

what is immediate treatment for acute urinary retention?

A

catheterisation

19
Q

what complications can arise from acute urinary retention?

A 
> UTI
> post decompression haematuria
> pathological diuresis
> renal failure
> electrolyte
20
Q

what is chronic urinary retention?

A

painless, palpable and percussible bladder after voiding

21
Q

what is the main aetiological factor in chronic urinary retention?

A

detrusor underactivity

22
Q

what is the immediate treatment in chronic urinary retention?

A

catheterisation

23
Q

what complications can occur in chronic urinary retention?

A 
> UTI
> post decompressional haematuria
> pathological diuresis
> electrolyte abnormalities
> persistent renal dysfunction
24
Q

what complications can arise from urinary tract infections?

A 
> infective sepsis
> renal failure
> bladder malignancy
> acute urinary retention
> frank haematuria
> bladder/renal stones

Urology (9 decks)

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