Urology Pathology Overview

Question 1

how may renal disease present?

Answer 1

> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> proteinuria
> pyuria
> mass 
> renal failure

Question 2

what is oliguria?

Answer 2

increased urine output

Question 3

what is anuria?

Answer 3

no urine output

Question 4

what is polyuria?

Answer 4

urine output

Question 5

what is nocturia?

Answer 5

waking up at night to micturate more than 1 occasion

Question 6

what is nocturnal polyuria?

Answer 6

nocturnal urine output more than 1/3 of total urine output in 24 hours

Question 7

what is the RIFLE staging used in acute kidney injury?

Answer 7

Risk
Injury
Failure
Loss
End stage kidney disease

Question 8

what are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 8

> endocrine function
> body fluid homeostasis
> electrolyte homeostasis
> acid-base homeostasis
> regulation of vascular tone
> excretory function

Question 9

how may chronic renal failure present?

Answer 9

> asymptomatic
> tiredness
> anaemia
> oedema
> high blood pressure
> bone pain

Question 10

how may advanced renal failure present?

Answer 10

> nausea
> dyspnoea
> pericarditis
> neuropathy
> coma

Question 11

what could cause intra-luminal ureteric obstruction?

Answer 11

> stone

> blood clot

Question 12

what could cause intramural uretic obstruction?

Answer 12

> scar tissue

> TCC

Question 13

what could cause extra-luminal uretic obstruction?

Answer 13

> pelvic mass

> lymph nodes

Question 14

how may uretic disease present?

Answer 14

> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> palpable mass
> renal failure

Question 15

how may bladder disease present?

Answer 15

> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> storage problems
> voiding problems
> recurrent UTI
> urinary retention
> urinary leak
> pneumaturia

Question 16

how may bladder outflow tract disease present?

Answer 16

> pain
> pyrexia
> haematuria
> recurrent UTIs
> acute urinary retention
> chronic urinary retention

Question 17

what is acute urinary retention?

Answer 17

painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder

Question 18

what is immediate treatment for acute urinary retention?

Answer 18

catheterisation

Question 19

what complications can arise from acute urinary retention?

Answer 19

> UTI
> post decompression haematuria
> pathological diuresis
> renal failure
> electrolyte

Question 20

what is chronic urinary retention?

Answer 20

painless, palpable and percussible bladder after voiding

Question 21

what is the main aetiological factor in chronic urinary retention?

Answer 21

detrusor underactivity

Question 22

what is the immediate treatment in chronic urinary retention?

Answer 22

catheterisation

Question 23

what complications can occur in chronic urinary retention?

Answer 23

> UTI
> post decompressional haematuria
> pathological diuresis
> electrolyte abnormalities
> persistent renal dysfunction

Question 24

what complications can arise from urinary tract infections?

Answer 24

> infective sepsis
> renal failure
> bladder malignancy
> acute urinary retention
> frank haematuria
> bladder/renal stones