Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Urology Path (1/2 GU) > Flashcards

Urology Path (1/2 GU) Flashcards

1
Q

Breakdown % of bladder and ureteric tumours

A

84%: TCC

10%: Squamous ca

5%: Adenocarcinoma

1%: Misc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bladder and ureter?

A

Transition cell epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What infection is associated with Squamous ca?

A

Schistosomiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How invasive is TCC of bladder/ureter?

A
  • Often the first tumour is not invasive
  • But it often recurs
  • When the tumour recurs it is more invasive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

RF for Bladder/Ureter tumours?

A

Smoking

Aniline dye exposure (Rubber industry)

Hydrocarbon exposure

Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Presentation of Bladder/Ureteric tumours

A
  1. Lower urinary tract sx (LUTs)
  2. Haematuria (may be micro)
  3. Palpable mass (Rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Investigations Bladder/Ureteric tumours

A

Cystoscopy + Biopsy/ Transurethral resection

CT

IVUrogram

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dx this:

Red lesions see on cystoscopy

A

Transitional cell Carcinoma in sitiu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dx this:

Polypoid lesions on cystoscopy

A

Superficial TCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dx this:

Pale , flat, ulcerated and necrotising lesion on cystoscopy

A

Invasive Transitional cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What embryonic abnormality is bladder adenocarcinoma associated with?

A

Urachus

Stump that should’ve formed the median umbilical ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are bladder adenocarcinomas located?

A

Dome of bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Histology of bladder adenocarcinoma

A

Papillary and Glandular tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Staging of bladder/ureteric tumours

A

pTa: non-invasive

pT1: Submucosal invasion

pT2: Muscularis propria invasion

pT3: Invasion beyond Muscularis propria

pT4: Spread to adjacent organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Management of Bladder cancer

A
  1. Surgery
    - TURBT (tumour resection) in low risk
    - Cystectomy + ileal conduit (Stoma) if T2+
  2. Oncology
    - BCG
    - +/-Chemoradio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Complication of bladder carcinoma in sitiu

A

Often TCC present also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Rx bladder ca in sitiu

A

BCG

+ Surgery if TCC also present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complications of ureteric TCC

A

Often bilateral/multifocal

Often occur alongside TCC bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 malignant tumours of the penis?

A

Squamous cell ca

Malignant melanoma (rare)

Spindle cell ca

Adenosquamous ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

RF for penile cancers

4

A

Poor hygiene

Uncircumcised

HPV

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pre-neoplastic penile conditions

3

A

Bowenoid papulosis

Erythroplasia de Queyrat

Bowens disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cause of Bowenoid Papulosis

A

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Presentation of Bowenoid Papulosis

A

Red/Brown spots on skin of genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Epi of Bowenoid Papulosis

A

Young sexually active males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Epi of Erythroplasia de Queyrat

A

Elderly males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Erythroplasia de Queyrat?

A

CIS of foreskin (Glans Penis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Bowens disease?

A

Dysplasia of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Non-Neoplastic Testicular Diseases

3

A

Epididymo-orchitis

Torsion

Hydrocoele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Non-neoplastic testicular emergency

A

Torsion

Need intervention within 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Cause of Epididymo-orchitis

A

Infalmmation following UTI or STI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Pathogenesis of testicular torsion

A

Spermatic cord twists

Blood supply to the testes is cut off

Will result in infarction if no intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Epi of Testicular torsion

A

Young males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Presentation of testicular torsion

A

Intense pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pathogenesis of testicular hydrocoele

A

Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Epi of testicular hydrocoele

A

Older males

Newborns

36
Q

Cause of Testicular Hydrocoele

A

Trauma or UTI

37
Q

Treatment of testicular torsion

A

Surgery to untwist vessels and suture them in a way that it can recur

38
Q

Epi testicular cancer

A

Young males

39
Q

Types of testicular germ cell tumours

% breakdown

A

Seminoma 50%

Mixed germ cell 33%

Non-seminomatous GCT (Teratoma) 15%

40
Q

Epi of testicular seminoma

A

40-50 y/o

41
Q

Macroscopic features of testicular seminoma

A

Fleshy pale

42
Q

Microscopic features of testicular seminoma

A
  • Sheets of large cells
  • Lymphoid stroma
  • No spermatogenesis in the cells near the tumour
43
Q

British Testicular pannel classification of Teratomas

A

Malignant Teratoma:

MTD: Differentiated

MTI: Intermediate:

MTU: Undifferentiated

MTT: Trophoblastic

44
Q

Types of Teratomas

5

A

Malignant Teratoma

Embryonal ca

Yolk sac

Choriocarcinoma

Polyembryona

45
Q

Microscopic features of Embryonal ca

2

A

Spindle

Glands

46
Q

Microscopic features of Choriocarcinoma

3

A

Haemorrhagic

Giant cells

Cytotrophoblasts

47
Q

Microscopic features of Yolk Sac Tumour

A

Central vessel

Double rim of epithelial cells

Schiller- du- val body

48
Q

Worst prognostic feature to see in a teratoma?

A

Primitive neural tissue

Doesn’t respond to chemo

49
Q

Presentation of tumour

A

Testicular mass

Painless

50
Q

What blood test would indicate seminoma?

A

Elevated LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)

51
Q

What serum marked would you expect to find elevated in Teratomas?

A

Raised:

AFP (a-fetaprotein)

HCG (human chroionic gonadotropin)

52
Q

Where to testicular tumers metastasise?

A

Lymph nodes

Lung

Brain

53
Q

Rx testicular ca

A

Radical orchidectomy

+

Chemo if 2+ of these factors:

  • Lymph invasion
  • Vascular invasion
  • Embryonal ca
  • Not a Yolk sac tumour
54
Q

5 year survival of seminoma

A

95%

55
Q

5 year survival of teratoma

A

90%

56
Q

Benign conditions of the prostate

2

A

BNH

Proststitis

57
Q

Cause of BNH

A

Androgen:Oestrogen imbalance

58
Q

Microscopic features of prostate

A

Proliferation of glands and stroma

59
Q

Rx BNH

A
  1. Drugs:
    - a-blockers: Doxazosin/ Tamsulosin
    - 5-a reductase inhibitors: Finasteride/ Dutasteride
  2. Trans urethral resection of the prostate
    - Look for ca
60
Q

Most common tumour in males

A

Prostate

61
Q

Prostate met sites

A

Bones

62
Q

What types of prostate ca are there?

A

Acinar - 90%

Ductal 5%

63
Q

Signs of Prostate ca

A

Outflow obstruction

Haematuria

Enlarged prostate on PR exam

Elevated PSA

64
Q

Ix prostate ca

A

PSA

PR

Trans Rectal Ultrasound Biopsy (TRUS)

MRI/CT Pelvis

Bone scan

65
Q

Rx Prostate ca

A
  1. Radiotherapy
  2. Hormonal therapy (if poorly differentiated or high Gleason Score)
  3. Radical Prostatectomy if PSA<15 and <65y/o
  4. Brachytherapy (radioisotope beads into prostate)
66
Q

How are prostate tumours graded?

A

Gleason score

67
Q

How does Gleason score work?

A

Grade two commonest parts of the biopsy from 1-5 each

Then add up the two scores

68
Q

How are Prostate tumours graded

A

pt1 - biopsy or TURP

pT2- Confined to 2 lobes of the prostate

pT3 Spread into capsule/seminal vesicle

pT4- Spread to adjacent organs eg. Rectum, bladder

69
Q

What 3 factors determine prostate ca prognosis?

A

Grade

Stage

PSA level

70
Q

Length of male urethra

A

20cm

71
Q

What are the 3 sections of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra

Membranous urethra

Penile urethra

72
Q

Length of female urethra

A

3-4cm

73
Q

RF for cystitis

A 
Female
Pregnancy
BNH
Catheterisation
DM
Radiotherapy
74
Q

Genetics associated with bladder cancer

A

Mutation in Tumour suppressor gene p16 on chr 9

75
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Urinary meatus opens on the ventral surface of the penis

76
Q

What is epispadias?

A

Where the urinary meatus is on the dorsal surface of the penis

77
Q

What HPV types are associated with penis cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

78
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Undescended testes

79
Q

What congenital syndrome is cryptorchidism linked to?

A

Prader Willi

80
Q

Which side is most commonly affected by cryptorchidism?

A

Right side

But can be bilateral

81
Q

Complications of cryptorchidism

A

Infertility

Cancer (decreased risk if problem sorted before puberty)

82
Q

What lab finding is found in 10% of seminomas?

A

B-hCG

83
Q

How/ where does seminomatous tumours spread?

A

Lymphatic spread

Iliac and para-aortic nodes

84
Q

Which testicular tumours are hormonally active?

A

Stromal/sex cord tumours

Leydig tumours

85
Q

Which part of the prostate is commonly affected in BNH?

A

Central

86
Q

Signs of Prostate ca

A

Haematuria

Outflow problems

Bone pain

Pathology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions