Urology And Nephrology

Question 1

Upper Urinary Tract

Answer 1

Kidneys- nephrology

Production

Question 2

Lower Urinary Tract

Answer 2

Bladder/urethra- urology

Storage

Question 3

Functions of Kidney

Answer 3

Excrete waste 
Retrieve filtered particles 
Maintain acid/base balance 
Regulate BP 
Stimulate erythrocyte production

Question 4

Definition of azotemia

Answer 4

Abnormal increase in the concentration of non-protein nitrogenous wastes (urea and creatinine) in blood

Question 5

Pre-renal causes

Answer 5

Dehydration 
Hypoadrenocorticism 
Cardiac disease 
Shock 
Hypovolemia

Question 6

Renal causes

Answer 6

(Parenchymal disease) 
Parenchymal disease 
Infections 
Cysts 
Inflammation 
Neoplasia 
Toxins

Question 7

Post-renal causes

Answer 7

Obstructive

Blockage - urethral/bladder or urethral

Question 8

T/F

Azotemia is not uremia

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

Definition of Renal Failure

Answer 9

The clinical syndrome that occurs when kidneys are no longer able to maintain:
Regulatory function
Excretory function
Endocrine function
75 % of nephron population is non-functional

Question 10

Renal Disease Definition

Answer 10

The presence of morphological or functional lesions in one or both kidneys, regardless of extent

Question 11

Uremia definition

Answer 11

The constellation of clinical signs and biochemical abnormalities associated with critical loss of functional nephrons

Question 12

The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to _____________

Answer 12

Renal functional mass

Question 13

Gold Standard test for measuring glomerular function

Answer 13

Clearance of radioisotopes with renal scintigraphy

Question 14

Urea is synthesized in the ______ and excreted by the _________

Answer 14

Liver; kidneys

Question 15

Serum Urea levels are affected by

Answer 15

Species/age 
Liver function 
Dietary protein content 
Endogenous protein catabolism 
Renal function

Question 16

Azotemia does not develop until GFR has decreased to ___________

Answer 16

25%

Question 17

SDMA correlates highly with _____ by inulin and increases when there is a _______% decline in GFR

Answer 17

GFR ; 40

Question 18

Gold standard for measuring urine concentration

Answer 18

Osmolality - measures number of particles in solution

Question 19

Hyposthenuria

Answer 19

1.000-1.007

Question 20

Isosthenuria

Answer 20

1.008-1.012

Question 21

Minimally concentrated urine

Answer 21

1.013-1.030

Question 22

Inadequately concentrated urine

Answer 22

1.013 < 1.022

Question 23

Adequately concentrated urine

Answer 23

Dogs > 1.030

Cats > 1.035

Question 24

Partial water deprivation test

Answer 24

maximal stimulation of ADH release will be present after loss of 5% body weight

Question 25

Reference value for UPC

Answer 25

< 0.4 should be < 0.2

Question 26

Hematuria

Answer 26

Presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine

Question 27

Pseudohematuria

Answer 27

Red to brownish urine without intact RBCs

Question 28

Causes of Hematuria

Answer 28

Systemic disorders
Renal
Bladder, ureter, urethra
Genital tract

Question 29

Manifestations of renal disease

Answer 29

Systemic signs
Check for history of toxin exposure
Dehydration
Melena/hematemesis/vomiting

Question 30

Urine production rate is

Answer 30

1-2 ml/kg/hr minimum

Question 31

Renal carcinoma is more common in _________

Answer 31

Dogs (poor prognosis)

Question 32

Renal lymphoma is more common in _______ and affects _________ kidneys

Answer 32

Cats ; both

Question 33

Non-neoplastic causes of renomegaly

Answer 33

ACUTE URETERAL OBSTRUCTION 
Renal inflammation 
Amyloidosis 
Hydronephrosis 
Polycystic kidney disease 
Portosystemic shunt