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Oncology > Urology And Gynecology > Flashcards

Urology And Gynecology Flashcards

1
Q

RCC risk factors?

A

Diabetes
Smoking
Hypertension
Thorotrast

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2
Q

Syndromes associated with RCC?

A

vHL
Birtt Hogg Dube
Tuberous sclerosis
Hereditary papillary RCC
Hereditary leioyomyomatous RCC

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3
Q

RCC & TCC originates from?

A

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) : renal parenchyma
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) : renal urothelium

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4
Q

Biopsy is commonly omitted prior to surgical removal of which cancer because of the risk of haemorrhage and tumour seeding ?

A

RCC

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5
Q

Robson staging?

A

stage I: limited to kidney
stage II: involvement of perinephric fat but remains limited to Gerota’s fascia
stage III
IIIa: renal vein involvement
IIIb: nodal involvement
IIIc: both IIIa and IIIb
stage IV
IVa: direct invasion of adjacent organs / structures
IVb: distant metastases

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6
Q

Triad of RCC symptoms?

A

Painless haematuria
Pain
Mass

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7
Q

Most common urothelial cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

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8
Q

Symptoms of urothelial cancer?

A

painless haematuria, seen in >80% of patients, dysuria, frequency or urgency.

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9
Q

Prostate cancer risk factors?

A

Androgen dependent
BRCA 2 & 1
African-Americans

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10
Q

Prostate cancer arise from which zone?

A

Peripheral

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11
Q

Most common prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

At what levels of PSA you will do biopsy of prostate?

A

PSA >4 micrograms/L was viewed as an indication for prostatic biopsy

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13
Q

Gleason grades?

A

Low-grade cancers (Gleason 6)
Intermediate: 7
High-grade cancers (Gleason 8–10)

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14
Q

Prostate cancer symptoms?

A

50% are asymptomatic with elevated PSA.

Urinary symptoms, e.g. frequency, nocturia, poor stream, retention, haematuria:

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15
Q

Risk stratification for Prostate cancer?

A

Risk stratification for localized prostate cancer

• Low risk T1–2a and PSA <10 micrograms/L and Gleason 6

• Intermediate risk T2b–c or PSA 10–20 micrograms/L or Gleason 7

• High risk T3–4 or PSA >20 micrograms/L or Gleason 8–10

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16
Q

Treatment modalities available for Prostate cancer?

A

Radical radiotherapy
External beam radiotherapy
Brachytherapy
Hormone therapy
Active surveillance

17
Q

Brachytherapy dose for Prostate cancer?

A

dose of 140Gy to the prostate

18
Q

Most common testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma

19
Q

Risk factors of testicular cancer?

A

• a history of undescended testis
• previous testicular cancer
• testicular CIS
• a family history of testicular cancer
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
• an atrophic testis and infertility
• in utero exposure to oestrogens

20
Q

Testicular germ cell tumors are…….?

A

Testicular germ cell tumours are invariably aneuploid. Gain of the 12p chromosome arm,mostly as an isochromosome, is highly consistent

21
Q

Tumour markers NSGCTs?

A

Tumour markers NSGCTs produce serum markers in the form of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and/or AFP in 75% of cases

22
Q

Symptoms of testicular cancer?

A

Hard testicular lump, painless or be mistaken for epididymoorchitis.High levels of HCG= gynaecomastia
Metastatic disease:
• lumbar back pain associated with bulky (>5cm) para-aortic lymphadenopathy
• cough and dyspnoea with multiple lung metastases
• mediastinal lymphadenopathy
• CNS symptoms/signs with brain metastasis.

23
Q

Diagnostics for testicular cancer?

A

• USS of both testes
• CXR
• tumour markers (AFP, HCG, LDH).
CT scan of the thorax, abdomen,&CT scan of the brain.
Isotope bone scan

24
Q

Ovarian Cancer aetiology?

A

relates to the number of ovulatory cycles and multiple pregnancies,
oral contraceptives are protective,
BRCA1 or BRCA2 or Lynch families

25
Q

Most common ovarian cancer?

A

Epithelial including serous and endometroid
Only 5% are mucinous

26
Q

Ovarian cancer symptoms?

A

abdominal discomfort and swelling, bloating, and change in bowel habit. GI and urinary symptoms also occur.

27
Q

Ovarian cancer serum marker?

A

A ratio of CA125 and CEA that is higher than 25

28
Q

Uterine cancer risk factors?

A

post-menopausal women
obesity
unopposed oestrogen as HRT are thought to increase the risk,
females taking tamoxifen have an increased risk of polyps.
Lynch syndrome

29
Q

Cervical cancer types?

A

squamous(m/c)
glandular (adenocarcinoma)
other epithelial tumours (adenosquamous carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumours and undifferentiated carcinoma)

30
Q

Most common Cervical Cancer?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

31
Q

Cervical cancer risk factors?

A

• Unprotected sexual intercourse.
• HPV types 16 and 18
• multiparity
• cigarette smoking
• early onset of sexual intercourse
• non-barrier forms of contraception

32
Q

Cervical cancer symptoms?

A

• vaginal discharge
• post-coital bleeding
• intermenstrual or post-menopausal bleeding
• backache

33
Q

Most common vaginal cancer?

A

squamous 80% and adenocarcinoma 10%

34
Q

Vaginal cancer risk factors?

A

Aetiology:Oncogenic HPV likely to be important in this tumour biology. Smoking

35
Q

Vulval cancer risk factors?

A

• oncogenic HPV DNA.
• Preexisting abnormal vulval skin conditions such as a thickened epidermis (squamous hyperplasia).
• Lichen sclerosus.
• Intraepithelial atypia

Oncology (6 decks)

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