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Module 3 > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

What drugs promote urinary retention?

A

CCBS and anticholinergics

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2
Q

What drugs promote urinary frequency/nocturia?

A

Loop and thiazide diuretics

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3
Q

What drugs promote inability to micturate?

A

Alpha-adrenergic agonists and decongestants

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4
Q

Pharmacological causes of haematuria

A
  1. Rifampicin
  2. Nitrofurantoin
  3. Phenylbutazone
  4. Anticoagulants
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5
Q

5 side effects of alpha blockers

A
  1. Dizziness
  2. Orthostatic hypotension
  3. Muscle weakness
  4. Nasal congestion
  5. Ejaculation problems
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6
Q

What 2 drugs contraindicate the use of alpha blockers?

A

Nitrates and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors

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7
Q

What do 5-alpha reductase inhibitors inhibit?

A

Conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

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8
Q

5 side effects of phosphodiesterase 5-inhibitors

A
  1. Priapism
  2. Flushing
  3. Headaches
  4. Dyspepsia
  5. Impaired vision
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9
Q

Abx for prostatitis?

A

Fluroquinolone -Ofloxacin (cipro, o, levo)

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10
Q

Abx for pyelonephritis?

A

Cephalosporin beta-lactam - Cefalexin or fluroquinolone ciprofloxacin

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11
Q

Abx for chlamydia?

A

Azithromycin or doxycycline

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12
Q

Abx for gonorrhoea?

A

Azithromycin and IM ceftriaxone

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13
Q

Common bacteria to cause acute prostatitis?

A

E. coli

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14
Q

What type of cancer is prostate cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

Where does prostate cancer metastasise to?

A

Lymph nodes, bones, bladder, rectum

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16
Q

Management of prostate cancer

A

Surveillance, radiotherapy, brachytherapy, radical prostatectomy

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17
Q

Most common cause of epididymitis?

A

STIs

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18
Q

3 causes of orchitis

A
  1. STI
  2. Mumps
  3. Inguinal hernia
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19
Q

Where do hydroceles develop?

A

Tunica vaginlasis or spermatic cord

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20
Q

What is a communicating hydrocele?

A

A congenital serous fluid build up that drains peritoneal fluid.

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21
Q

What is a complication of a communicating hydrocele?

A

Inguinal hernia

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22
Q

A hydrocele in an adult is commonly caused by?

A

STIs

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23
Q

What age group suffers from varicocele?

A

Adolescent boys

24
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Abnormal dilation of internal spermatic veins and pampiniform plexus

25
Q

A neonate presents with nausea and vomiting alongside lower abdominal pain. What is the diagnosis?

A

Testicular torsion

26
Q

What are the RF for testicular torsion?

A

Trauma, exercise, neonates, adolescents

27
Q

Name 3 common bacteria that cause pyelonephritis?

A
  1. E. coli
  2. Enterococcus faecalis
  3. Coliform
28
Q

What is costovertebral angle tenderness a sign of?

A

Pyelonephritis

29
Q

What is the management of kidney stones?

A

Surgical decompression < 10 mm, potassium citrate or allopurinol with sodium bicarbonate.

30
Q

What is a FBC sign of RCC?

A

Erythrocytosis due to raised EPO

31
Q

Painless haematuria can be a sign of

A

Bladder carcinoma

32
Q

Management of bladder carcinoma

A

Transurethral resection, intravesical chemotherapy and BCG bladder injection.

33
Q

3 referral criteria for frank haematuria

A
  1. Haematuria with no UTI
  2. Haematuria after UTI treatment
  3. > 60 years and dysuria
34
Q

A complication of ureteric trauma that requires stents is

A

Fistula formation

35
Q

Stress incontinence is commonly seen in

A

Older women with a history of traumatic vaginal delivery

36
Q

Overflow incontinence is commonly seen in

A

Chronic urinary retention - Fibroids, BPH, diabetic neuropathy

37
Q

RF for urge incontinence include

A

Age, obesity, smoking, FH

38
Q

3 RFs for prostatitis

A
  1. UTI
  2. Catheters
  3. BPH
39
Q

What should be performed prior to rectal examination?

A

PSA levels

40
Q

What 2 medications should be avoided in BPH?

A

Antidepressants and decongestants - can worsen urinary symptoms

41
Q

Diagnostic investigation of epididymitis

A

Scrotal ultrasound

42
Q

Undescended testes are termed

A

Cryptorchidism

43
Q

Cryptorchidism increases the risk of

A

Testicular cancer

44
Q

An absent cremasteric reflex is a sign of

A

Testicular torsion

45
Q

Balanitis is more common in men who have

A

Foreskin present (not-circumcised)

46
Q

2nd most common bacteria to cause cystitis

A

Staph saprophyticus

47
Q

Urethritis is commonly caused by

A

STIs

48
Q

3 causes of upper urinary tract obstructions

A
  1. Malignancy
  2. Ureteric trauma - scars/strictures
  3. Kidney stones
49
Q

Gold-standard for kidney stone diagnosis

A

CT-KUB

50
Q

Which type of stone is not seen on x-ray?

A

Uric acid

51
Q

Staghorn calculi are commonly caused by what and what do they consist of?

A

Repeated UTIs and struvite (ammonia based)

52
Q

Stones may resolve themselves when they are what size?

A

< 6cm

53
Q

Recurrent stones can be treated with what 2 medications

A

Allopurinol or potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate

xanthine oxidase inhibitor and alkalisation

54
Q

Define urge incontinence

A

Overactive bladder

55
Q

Define stress incontinence

A

Weakness in pelvic floor/sphincter muscles

56
Q

Mixed incontinence is

A

Urge + stress

Module 3 (6 decks)

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