Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med Finals - Surgery > Urology > Flashcards

Urology Flashcards

1
Q

Define BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the benign enlargement of the prostate. Caused by hyperplasia of the stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

History of BPH

A

Hesitancy
Weak flow
Urgency
Frequency
Intermittency
Terminal dribbling
Incomplete emptying
Nocturia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Investigations in BPH

A

DRE
Abdo exam
Urinary frequency volume chart
Urine dip
PSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Management of BPH

A

Alpha blockers
5-alpha reductase inhibitors
Surgical
TURP + variations
Prostatectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of an alpha blocker

A

Tamsulosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an example of a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor

A

Finasteride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

History of chronic prostatitis

A

Pelvic pain - perineum, testes, penis, groin, lower back
LUTS
Sexual dysfunction
Painful bowel movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

History of acute prostatitis

A

Similar to chronic
Fever
Myalgia
Nausea
Fatigue
Sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Clinical features of prostatits

A

Enlarged very tender prostate!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Investigations in prostatitis

A

Urine dip, microscopy, culture
STD tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management of acute prostatitis

A

Oral abx
Analgesia
Laxatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Management of chronic prostatitis

A

Alpha-blockers - tamsulosis
Analgesia
Psychological treatment
Abx
Laxatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Complications of prostatitis

A

Sepsis
Prostate abscess
Urinary retention
Chronic prostatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define epididymo-orchitits

A

Inflammation of the epididymis and tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

History of epididymo-orchitits

A

Testicular pain
Dragging or heavy sensation
Swelling of testes
Urethral discharge
Systemic symps - fever, sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Investigations in epididymo-orchitits

A

Urine microscopy and culturre
STD testing
Saliva swab - mumps
Serum antibodies - mumps
Ultrasound - rule out torsion or malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Management of epididymo-orchitits

A

IV abx
Analgesia
Supportive underwear
Reduce physical activity
Abstain from intercourse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Complications of epididymo-orchitits

A

Chronic pain
Chronic epididymitits
Testicular atrophy
Infertility
Scrotal abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Risk factors for prostate cancer

A

Old age
FH
Black african or caribbean
Tall stature
Anabolic steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Red flags for prostate cancer

A

LUTS
Haematuria
Erectile dysfunction
Weight loss
Bone pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Investigations in prostate cancer

A

MRI
Biopsy
Bone scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the staging system for prostate cancer?

A

TNM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Management of prostate cancer

A

Watchful waiting
Radiotherapy
Brachytherapy
Hormone therapy
Surgery - prostatectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define testicular torsion
Twisting of the spermatic cord with rotation of the testicle.
26
Clinical signs of testicular torsion
Unilateral testicular pain Abdo pain Firm swollen teste Elevated testicle Absent cremasteric reflex Abnormal testicular lie - horizontal Rotation
27
Management of testicular torsion
Nil by mouoth Analgesia Urgent surgical exploration Ochiopexy - correcting position and fixing in place Orchidectomy - removal, if delayed or necrotic
28
What sign is seen on ultrasound in testicular torsion
Whirlpool sign - spiral appearance to spermatic cord.
29
Define hydrocele
Collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testes
30
Cilnical signs of hydrocele
Testes palpable within hydrocele Soft fluctuant Irreducible and no bowel sounds Transilluminates with torch
31
Define varicocele
Occurs when the veins in the pampiniform plexus become swollen - bag of worms.
32
Which side is a varicocele most common
Left - drains into renal vein, (right drains to vena cava)
33
Clinical signs of varicocele
Scrotal mass feeling like a bag of worms More prominent on standing, may disappear on lying Asymmetry in testicular size
34
Define epididymal cyst
Occurs at the head of the epididymus, a fluid filled sac that may contain sperm.
35
Clinical signs of epididymal cysts
Soft round lump Typically at top of testes Associated with the epididymis Separate from the testicle Maybe be transilluminable if large
36
Risk factors for testicular cancer
Undescended testes Infertility FH Increased height 15-35 years old
37
Red flags for testicular cancer
Non-tender lump on testicle Arises from testical Hard Irregular Non fluctuant No transillumination Gynaecomastia B symptons
38
Investigations in testicular cancer
US Tumour markers Staging CT
39
What are the tumour markers in testicular cancer
Alpha-fetoprotein Beta-hCG Lactate dehydrogenase
40
Where are common places for testicular cancer to metastasise
Lymphatics Lungs Liver Brain
41
Management of testicular cancer
Surgery - orchidectomy Chemo Radio Sperm bank!
42
History of UTI
Dysuria Suprapubic pain Frequency Urgency Incontinency Haematuria Cloudy or foul smelling urine Confusion - elderly
43
What is seen on dip stick in UTI
Nitrites! WBC RBC - microscopic haematuria
44
Define pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the kidneys resulting from bacterial infection
45
Risk factors for pyelonephritits
Female Structural abnormalities Vesico-ureteric reflux - urine refluxing from bladder to ureters Diabetes
46
History of pyelonephritis
Fever Loin to groin pain Nausea and vomiting Systemic illness Loss of appetite Haematuria Renal angle tenderness
47
Investigations in pyelonephritits
Urine dip - infection MSU, culture Bloods - CRP US/CT rule out anything else
48
Management of pyelonephritis
?sepsis Abx
49
Define interstitial cystitis
Chronic condition causing inflammation of the bladder, resulting in lower urinary tract symptoms and suprapubic pain.
50
History of cystitis
Suprapubic pain Frequency Urgency Often worse during menstruation
51
Investigation in cystitits
Urinalysis STD check Cystoscopy Prostate exam
52
Management of cystitis
Supportive - diet, smoking, pelvic floor, bladder training, CBT, TENS Analgesia Antihistamine Anticholinergic - oxybutynin Mirebegron Cimetidine Pentosan Ciclospporin Surgical - cystectomy
53
Risk factors for bladder cancer
Smoking Aromatic amines in dye and rubber Schistosomiasis
54
Red flags for bladder cancer
Painless haematuria LUTS Retired dye/rubber worker
55
Define kidney stones
They are hard stones that form in the renal pelvis. Calcium based are most common, are result from low urine output.
56
History of renal stones
Renal colic - loin to groin pain, colicky in nature Haematuria Nausea or vomiting Reduced urine output Sepsis?
57
Investigations in renal stones
CT KUB! Urine dip - haematuria Bloods - infection, calcium Abdo xr - stones US
58
Management of renal stones
NSAIDs Antiemetics Antibiotics Watchful waiting - if <5mm Tamsulosin Surgical removal - if >10mm
59
Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma
Smoking Obesity Hypertension End-stage renal failure Von Hippel-Lindau disease Tuberous sclerosis
60
Red flags for renal cell carcinoma
Often adymptomatic Haematuria Vague loin pain Non-specifc B symptoms Palpable mass
61
Classic metastasis of renal carcinoma
Cannonball metastases - lungs fascias surrounding kidneys
62
Paraneoplastic features of renal carcinoma
Polycythaemia Hypercalcaemia Hypertension Stauffer's syndrome

Med Finals - Surgery (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions