Urological histopathology Flashcards
- What are urinary calculi?
- What is the epidemiology?
- What can urinary calculi be made from?
- Crystal aggregates that form in the renal collecting ducts
•May be deposited anywhere in the urinary tract
2.
- Lifetime incidence 15%
- Males three times more likely to be affected than females
- Stones can be made of:
- Calcium Oxalate (Weddellite) – 75%
- Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate (Struvite) – 15%
- Uric Acid – 5%
Describe the common causes of calcium oxalate kidney stones
- Calcium oxalate stones are related to hypercalciuria
- Absorptive hypercalciuria – excessive calcium absorption from gut
- Renal hypercalciuria – impaired absorption of calcium in proximal renal tubule
- Hypercalcaemia – primary hyperparathyroidism
- Rare
- What are triple stones?
- What are they caused by?
- Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are also known as ”triple stones”
2.
- Form as a consequence of infection with urease-producing organisms
- Proteus sp.
- Ammonia alkalinises urine – precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate salts follows
- Triple stones can become very large indeed
- “Staghorn Calculi”
What does this image show?
Triple stones
Describe the causes of uric acid urinary calculi
•Uric acid stones may form in patients with hyperuricaemia
- Gout
- Rapid cell turnover
- Most patients do not actually have hyperuricaemia or increased uric acid excretion in urine
- Believed to be due to tendency to produce slightly acidic urine
What are the complications of urinay calculi? For both large and small stones
•Small stones that stay in the kidney may be largely asymptomatic
- Otherwise detected during investigation of haematuria or recurrent urinary tract infection
•Small stones that drift out of the kidney may become impacted and cause colic
- Pelvi-ureteric junction, pelvic brim, vesico-ureteric junction
•Large stones tend to stay in the kidney
- Obstruction, risk of infection, chronic renal failure
- What is a papillary adenoma?
- What are the common genetic abnormalities?
- Benign epithelial kidney tumour composed of papillae and / or tubules
- By definition, 15mm or less in size
- Well-circumscribed
- Trisomy 7, Trisomy 17, Loss of Y chromosome
Frequent incidental finding in the nephrectomies on autopsy of CKD and acquired cystic renal disease patients
What does this image show?
Papillary adenoma
- What is a renal onocytoma?
- With what condition is it most commonly associated with?
- Benign epithelial kidney tumour composed of oncocytic cells
- Well-circumscribed
- Usually sporadic
- Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome
What does this image show?
Renal oncocytoma
- What is an angiomyolipoma?
- With what condition is it seen?
- Benign mesenchymal kidney tumour composed of thick-walled blood vessels, smooth muscle and fat
- Derived from perivascular epithelioid cells
- Mostly sporadic
- Can be seen in tuberous sclerosis
Large tumors of bigger than 4cm present with flank pain, haemorrhage and shock
What does the image show?
Angiomyolipoma
- What is renal cell carcinoma?
- Epidemiology
- Risk factors
- Malignant epithelial kidney tumour
2.
- Accounts for 2% of cancers worldwide
- More common in developed countries
- 10 per 100,000 men, 3 per 100,000 women
- Risk factors include:
- Smoking
- Hypertension
- Obesity
- Long-Term Dialysis
- Genetic Syndromes – von Hippel Lindau
- What do half of cases of RCC present with?
- How else is RCC picked up?
- What are the various sub-types?
- Half of cases present with painless haematuria
2.
- Most of the remaining cases are detected incidentally on imaging
- Small proportion present with metastatic disease
- Various subtypes are recognised
- Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (70%)
- Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (15%)
- Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma (5%)
- Remaining 10% are various rare subtypes
- What is clear cell renal carcinoma?
- How does it appear?
- What are the underlying genetics?
- Epithelial kidney tumour composed of nests of clear cells set in a delicate capillary vascular network
- Appears grossly as a golden yellow tumour with haemorrhagic areas
- Genetically shows loss of chromosome 3p
What does this image show?
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- What is papillary renal cell carcinoma?
- Underlying genetics
- How does it appear?
- Epithelial kidney tumour composed of papillae and / or tubules
* By definition, more than 15mm in size - Genetically shows trisomy 7, trisomy 17 and loss of Y chromosome
* Subdivided into two types based on morphology - Grossly appears as a fragile, friable brown tumour
What does this image show?
Papillary renal cell carcinoma