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Histopathology - Path > Histopathology MedEd > Flashcards

Histopathology MedEd Flashcards

1
Q

metaplasia

A

change in one mature cell type for another mature cell type

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2
Q

2 ways of cancer development

A

metaplasia –> dysplasia pathway

Adeno-carcinoma pathway

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3
Q

describe an adenocarcinoma

A

gland forming

mucin secreting

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4
Q

squamous cell carcionoma

A

make keratin - even in non-keratinsed tissue

inter-cellular bridges

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5
Q

define necrosis

A

represents energy failure
non-energy dependent cell death
cell lysis due to loss of electro-ionic pathway

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6
Q

z line

A

squamo-columnar junction

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7
Q

stricters of oesophagus

A

inflammation –> ulceration –> loss of surface epithelium –> repair –> replacement of useful cells with myofibroplasts –> scarring/strictures

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8
Q

oesophageal cancer pathway

A

inflammation –> metaplasia –> metaplasia withe goblet cells –> dysplasia –> cancer

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9
Q

two types of barratts

A 
columnar metaplasia
columnar metaplasia + goblet cells = intestinal type columnar --> greater risk of malignant transformation
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10
Q

cancers of oesophagus levels and causes

A

mid-distal - SCC - smoking and drinking

Distal - adenocarcinoma - GORD

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11
Q

what can cause oesophageal varices

A

any cause of portal hypertension

  • cirrhosis
  • portal vein thrombosis
  • IVC obstruction
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12
Q

lining of stomach

A

columnar epithelium

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13
Q

specialised cells of the stomach

A

parietal cells - acid

P cells/chief cells - pepsin

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14
Q

causes of acute gastritis

A

NSAIDs, booze, H.pylori, stress

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15
Q

causes of chronic gastritis

A

autoimmune
bacteria - h.pylori
corrosives. e.g. acid
CMV( renal transplant) and crohns

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16
Q

complications of gastritis

A

cancer
perforation
ulceration

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17
Q

what bacteria is H.pylori?

A

Gram negative curved rod

hydrogenase: produce energy by oxidising molecular H2 +/- Cag pathogenicity island = poorer outcome

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18
Q

cancers associated with H.pylori

A

adenocarcinoma
lymphoma
MALT

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19
Q

Two types of adenocarcinoma of the stomach

A

intestinal - well differentiated, mucin producing, gland forming
diffuse - single-cell architecture, no gland formation, contain signet ring cell

20
Q

Are goblet cells seen in the stomach?

A

NO

21
Q

common cause of duodenal ulcers

A

H.pylori

22
Q

anterior ulcers

A

perforation -> peritonitis

23
Q

posterior ulcers

A

near gastroduodenal artery –> haemorrrhage

24
Q

coeliac disease - affect malabsorption

A

villous atrophy
crypt hyperplasia
increased intraepithlial lymphocyes

25
Q

cancer associated with coeliac disease

A

EATL

26
Q

Lymphocytic duodenitis

A

increased epithelium lymphocytes

distinct condition from coeliac

27
Q

ischaemic colitis causes

A 
arterial occlusion
venous occlusion
small vessel disease
low flow states
obstruction
28
Q

spotty necrosis with foci of inflammation

A

acute hepatitis

29
Q

causes of acute hepatitis

A

drugs

Hep A and E

30
Q

Bronzed diabetes

A

haemochromatosis

31
Q

rhodanine stain

A

wilson’s disease copper

32
Q

alcoholic hepatitis

A 
ballooning of cells
mallory denk bodies
apoptosis
pericellular fibrosis
zone 3 - acetaldehyde highest and relatively hypoxic
33
Q

NAFLD

A

metabolic syndrome

same process as alcoholic cirrhosis

34
Q

common cause of liver cancer

A

metastatic

35
Q

primary tumors of the liver

A

HCC - alcoholic hepatitis is risk factor

Hepatoblastoma

36
Q

patterns of injury acute pancreatitis

A

peri-ductal - obstructive - acinar cells adjacent to the ducts undergo necrosis

peri-lobular - vascular cause - necrosis at the edges of the lobules

Pan-lobular -injury progressing in either

37
Q

acute pancreatitis pathophysiology

A

reflux of enzymes –> acinar necrosis –> releasd of more enzymes –?> release of lipases –> fat necrosis –> soaponification with calcium

38
Q

complications of acute pancreatitis

A

haemorrhage
metabolic disturbances
pseudocysts
abscess

39
Q

management of acute pancreatitis

A

serum lipase
fluid - third spacing
abx are not needed unless there is sepsis or necrosis of more than 50%
electrolyte replacement

40
Q

commonest causes of chronic pancreatitis

A

alcohol and gallstones

41
Q

tumors of the pancreas

A

ductal - 85%
acinar - acinar ductal metaplasia - causes ductal cancer
cystic neoplasma - predispose to adenocarcinomas of the pancreas

42
Q

ductal carcinoma common mutation

A

k-ras

peri-neural invasion very common

43
Q

where are NETs most common?

A

tail of the pancreas

44
Q

MEN1

A

PPP

Pituitary, pancreas and parathyroid

45
Q

commonest secretory NET

A

insulinoma

46
Q

50% of gallstones are?

A

CHOLESTEROL

Histopathology - Path (14 decks)

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