Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bioregulatory systems 4 > Urological disorders > Flashcards

Urological disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 normal functions of kidneys?

A

FILTRATION-removal of waste substances

CONTROL SALT AND WATER BALANCE

CONTROL ACID AND BASE BALANCE

HORMONE-erythropoeitin production

VITAMIN D- 1-alpha-hydroxylation of vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 5 consequences of kidney dysfunction?

A

1) Filtration failure-accumulation of waste, haematuria, proteinuria, low serum protein including albumin in blood
2) Hypertension, water retension(sometimes dehydration because unable to make concentrated urine)
3) Metabolic Acidosis
4) Anaemia-due to not producing erythropoietin
5) Vitamin D defficiency and secondary hyperthyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are the possible locations for an infection?

What other factors would make an infection more likely to happen?

A

Bladder= cystisis

Kidney=pyelonephritisis

Kidney stone-would stop flow of urine into uretor(infection can happen behind stone

Cancer- blocking bladder, kidney etc, behind the cancer infection can happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the potential pathogens involved in infection?

A

Bacteria-most common

virus/fungi-in immunocompromised patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you make a diagnosis of a urinary inflection?

A

1) medical history check
2) Physical examination
3) Urine dipstick
4) urine microscopy, culture and sensitivity-if dipstick is postitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the treatment and overall clinical management of a urinary tract infection?

A

ANTIBIOTICS:

  • depending on the severity of the illness
  • the most common bacteria in the local area
  • culture urine so you cna see resistance of bacteria and give appropriate antibiotics

IMPATIENT:

-some patients are very ill so need to be treated as impatient

PAIN CONTROL

SUPPOTIVE:

-E.G. hydration

IMAGING:

-to see if there is something else going on and other treatment may be needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can the immune system damage the kidney?

What are the clinical presentations?

A

Cause INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS VIA antibodies and inflammatory cells

Presentations:

  • Neuphritic syndrome
  • Neuphrotic syndrome
  • Proteinuria
  • GLOMERULONEPHRITIS-inflammation of the microscopic filtering units of the kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How would you make a diagnosis of an inflammatory condition-immunological case?

A

1) history and pnysical examination
2) Urine test
3) Blood test-including immunology test(used to diagnose immune disease-put on area e.g kidney)
4) imaging-start with ultrasound
5) Kidney biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is neuphritic syndrome?

A

Immunological inflammatory condition

  • Haematuria
  • variable amount of proteinuria
  • may have rediced hypertension, reduced urine output, increased urea and creatine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you diagnose nephritic syndrome?

A

same steps as normal (history, physical, urine dip test, urine microscopy) + :

-urine protein:creatine ratio to quantify protein levels in urine-raised

Blood tests:kidney function and immunology test

-if appropriate do kidney biopsy-can show IgA nepropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis world-wide and describe it?

How is it diagnosed

A

IgA nephropathy:

  • very high prevelance in the east
  • depostition of the IgA antibody in the kidney(detected by immunohistochemistry
  • dont know why it happens
  • about 30% progress to kidney failure
  • only diagnosed ny kidney biopsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the treatment for IgA nephropathy

A

SUPPORTIVE:

  • treat hypertension and reduce proteinuria-using Angiotensin receptor inhibit or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor
  • Reduce salt intake

IMMUNOTHERAPY:(ongoing clinical trials)

-Renal replacement therapy-when reaching late stage of the disease and everything else is failing (kidney transplantation, dialysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are organ specifc inflammatory diseases and systemic inflammatory diseases?

A

Organ specific-effects usually the kidneys and the lungs as they share a common antigen. It is anti-glomerular basement membran eantibody mediated(Goodpastures diseases)

Systemic:

-effects multiple organs and tissues.

  • Systemic Lupus erythematosus(SLE). Detected by autoantibodies, antinuclear factors, antids-DNA(double-stranded)
  • Vasculitis-detectected by measuring antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure in the western world?

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the risk factors of Diabetic neuropathy?

A
  • hypertension
  • poor diabetic control
  • smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical features of diabetic nephropathy?

A
  • microalbuminuria
  • proteinuria
  • assosiation with other features of diabetic mellitus(diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy)
17
Q

What is treatment and clinical management for diabetic nephropathy?

A

-optimise diabetic treatment

–optimimise treatment of hypertension

reduce proteinuria using using ARB and ACEI

  • stop smoking
  • new clinical trials- SGLT2 inhibitor
  • Transplantation including combined pancreas and kidney transplant(kidney failure)

Dialysis(kidney failure)

18
Q

What is Neuphrotic syndrome and some clinical findings?

A
  • another inflammatory condition of the kidney
  • peripheral odema
  • severe proteinuria
  • low serum albumin
  • variable amount of microscopic haematuria
  • assossiated with hyperlipidaemia
  • frothy urine
19
Q

How do you make a diagnosis of nepnrotic syndrome?

A

Normal(history, physical, urine dipstick, urine microscopy)+:

  • urine protein:creatine ratio high
  • Blood tests:kidney finction, immunology test, low serum albumin
  • kidney biopsy
20
Q

What are causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Lots of different causes e.g:

  • minimal change glomerulopathy(lots of protein lost in the urine)-cuaes frothy urine
  • membranous neuropathy
  • focal segmental glomerulossclerosis
  • lupus nephritis
  • others
21
Q

what is treatment for Neuphrotic syndrome?

A

IMMUNOTHERAPY(make you weak):

-traditionally corticteroids, cyclophosphamide

recent development-tacrolimus antoby therapy targeting B-cell pathway

DIURETICS-redice peripheral odema

PREVENTION OF THROMBOSIS-anticoagulation

22
Q

What are the key features of minimal change glomerulopathy?

A
  • most common in children
  • can affect other age groups
  • Normal light microscopy
  • electron microscopy-podocyte effacement-abnormal flatten appearence

complication-high risk of thrombosis

23
Q

What are some obstructive conditions?

A

stones in:

  • kidney
  • ureter
  • bladder
24
Q

Whate are the clinical presentations of obstructive stones?

A

Pain-abdomen and back

Blood in the urine

  • urine infection
  • 90% of kidney stones are radio-opaque(meaning x-rays pass through them and they are not detected)
25
Q

What investigations can you do to determine if you have stones and find their location?

A

Urine inspection and dipstick -blood inurine=supporting evidence

Blood test-kidney function(reduced only in some patients)

Imaging-plain x-ray, ultrasound or CT -scan (find stones)

26
Q

What are the treatment for obstructive stones?

what determines the type of treatment you have?

A

Supportive-pain control and hydration

specific treatment deponds on:

  • size and location of stones
  • availability of local expertise
  • fitness of patient and general anaesthetics

Types of specific treatment:

SHOCKWAVE LITHOTRIPSY-high energy sound waves to break up large kidney stones into smaller ones

URETEROSCOPY-fish out the stone through ureter and bladder

PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY-surgery, small percutaneous incision, insertion of nephroscope, stone is removed(may need to be broken into smaller pieces)

27
Q

What are the types of neoplatic tumours that are involved in urological disorders?

A

Benign-benign prostatic hypertrophy

Malignant:

  • kidney(renal cell carcinoma)
  • ureter and bladder(transitional cell carcinoma)
  • prostatic cancer
  • testicular cancer
28
Q

What are the clinial presentations of tumours?

A
  • Asymptomatic sometimes
  • Haematuria
  • pain
29
Q

What investigations can you do to identify a tumour?

A

Imaging -ultrasound, CT-scan and/or MRI

Urine cytology

Blood test for marker:prostatic specific antigen (PSA)

Kidney function

Histological diagnosis:biopsy or excised tumour

Staging studies-any signs of metastisis

30
Q

What are the treatment of tumours?

A
  • to remove obstruction of the urinary tract: nephrostomy, bladder cathetor and/or surgery
  • chemotherapy
  • radiotherapy
  • Hormonal therapy for hormone sensitve cancers e.g prostate

surgery

31
Q

What is polycystic kidney disease?

What are the consequences?

A

GENETIC urological disorder

Consequences:

  • loss of kidney function
  • pain
  • bleeding into renal cysts
  • asymptomatic in some patients
32
Q

What are different tyoes of polycystic kidneys?

A

neonatal:autosomal recessive

Adult Onset:automsomal dominent

Some patients without familial history

33
Q

How do you treat polycystic kidney disease?

A

New medication-tolvaptan(a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist)

Treat hypertension and infections

pain control

renal replacemetn therapy-transplant or dialysis if renal failure occurs

34
Q

How do you know if a pateint has a horseshoe kidney?

A

IMAGING of abdomen or pelvis show the 2 kidneys are joined together

35
Q

What are the consequences of horseshoe kidneys?

A

Genetic urological disorder

Increased risk of:

  • obstruction
  • stone
  • infection

Bioregulatory systems 4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions