Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bioregulatory systems 4 > Genitourinary System > Flashcards

Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the kidneys?

A
  • EXCRETION of metabolic products e.g. urea, creatine
  • EXCRETION of foreign tings e.g. drugs
  • REGULATION of body fluids, electrolytes and acid-base balance
  • CONTROL of blood pressure
  • SECRETES hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the anatomical structure of the kidney?

A

CORTEX-outer layer

MEDULLA-inner bit

RENAL ARTERY

RENAL VEIN

URETER-urine out

-MINOR + MAJOR CALYX- chambers that urine passes through

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the pathway of blood supply in the kidney?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens when urine enters the bladder?

A
  • Urine enters Bladder via Urethra
  • once the bladder fills to 200ml the DETRUSER MUSCLES start to contract =pressure
  • pressure is sensed in the TRIGONE region
  • leads to relaxing of the INTERNAL SPHINCTER (involuntary control to usually prevent leakage)
  • voluntary control of the external sphincter
  • PEE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between the male and female Urethra?

A

Male one is much longer as it spans the length of the penis (so depends how big the D is)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of 5 different parts of the bladder and urethra?

A

DETRUSER MUSCLE-contracts to build pressure inn t he bladder to support peeing

TRIGONE-​strethcing of this triangular region to its limit send signals tot he brain that you need to pee

INTERNAL SPHINCTER-involuntary control to prevent peeing

EXTERNAL SPHINCTER-voluntary control to stop peeing

BULBOURETHRAL GLAND-produces thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the structure of the nephron?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe water and sodium absorption from the Nephron?

A

PROXIMAL DISTAL TUBULE: sodium, most solutes like GLUCOSE, and water reabsorbed into the capillaries (via active transport) from the PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

LOOP OF HENLE is a COUNTER CURRENT: salt is AT out of the top of the ascending loop (epithelial cells are rich in mitochondria here). This means the interstitual fluid now has a low water content. So water leaves the bottom of the decending limb via osmosis(as the ascending limb is impermeable to water)

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE: Start is impermeable to water, some salt is reabsorbed into the capillaries

COLLECTING DUCT: Na+ reabsorbed and water follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cell types in the nepohron are rich/not rich in mitochondria?

A

EPITHELIAL CELLS(of distal convoluted tube)- rich in mitochondria

INTERCALATED CELLS(collecting duct)-rich in mitochondria

PRINCIPAL CELLS(collecting duct)-not so rich in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of nephron?

A

SUPERFICIAL NEPHRON- loop only dips into the OUTER MEDULLA

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON-loop dips deep into the inner medulla

10:1 ratio of superficilal: juxtamedullary nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 main Consituents and 2 main function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Constituents:

  • MARCULA DENSA(dct)
  • EXTRAGLOMERULAR MESANGIAL CELLS
  • JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS (afferent arteriole)

Function:

  • GFR regulation through tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism
  • Renin secretion for regualting bloood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which renal blood vessel branches out to form the peritubular capillaries?

A

efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Glomerular filtration?

A

-Fluid driven through SEMI-PERMEABLE glomerular capillaries into the bowmans capsule by hydrostatic pressure of the heart

only small tings and fluids can get through not large tings and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the structure of the Glomerulus filtration system?

A

-Capillary endothelium with fenestrations between them (small proteins and ions can pass through)

-Basement membrane below

-Epithelial Podocytes below which have Slits between them
(allow small solutrs and water to pass through)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the pressures involved in Glomerular filtration?

A

Blood Hydrostatic pressure-fluid exerts this pressure, solute and fluid pushed out of the blood due to this

Blood Oncotic pressure-proteins and solutes exert this pressure, draws fluid in across a semi permeable membrane into the blood capillaries

Interstitual Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure-exerts high pressure on the blood cappilaries causing fluid and soulutes to move in

Interstitual fluid oncotic pressure-low pressure in IF as there are less solutes in IF than in the blood so water moves out of the blood capillaries

Hydrostatic pressure-pushing caused by fluid

Oncotic pressure-pulling caused by solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the net ultrafiltration pressure of glomerular filtration?

A

Hydrostatic pressure in Glomerular capillaries- Hydrostatic pressure in Bowmans Capsule-Oncotic pressure of solutes in Glomerular Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Glomerular filtrartion rate?

How do we calculate it?

A

Amount of Fluid filtered from the glomeruli into the Bowmans Capsule per unit of time mL/min

Thsi is the sum of filtration rate of all functioning nephrons

GFR=K(f) x P(uf)

Kf=ultrafiltration constant calculated by the membrane permeability and surface area

Puf=overall pressure of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
19
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR) in healthy adults?

A

Males: 90-140ml/min

Females: 80-125ml/min

20
Q

Whatv does a low GFR indicate?

A

Renal disease(with a build up of excretory products in the plasma

21
Q

What 2 mechanisms keep GFR regulated(KEPT THE SAME)?

A

MYOGENIC REGULATION:

Arteriole pressure increases-> arteriole stretches->arteriole contracts -> resistance increases-> this causes blood flow to be reduced -> which means the GFR is maintained the same

TUBULAR-GLOMERULAR FEEDBACK MECHANISM:

Increase/ decrease in GFR->increased/decreased sodium(NaCl )in the loop of Henle->chadetected by the MACULA DENSA which porduces more/ less RENIN-> increased/ decreased ATP and adenosoine discharged -> affererent arteiole constricts/ dialates->GFR stabilises

22
Q

What is Renal Clearence?

How is it used?

A
  • The volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance
  • Used to calculate GFR, Renal plasma flow(RPF) and to understand the excretory route of a substance (that is filtered or fuiltered and secreted)
23
Q

What is the Renal plasma flow equal to?

What happens when things are absorbed into/ secreted out of the kidney?

A

The rate of blood into the kidney is = to the renal plasma flow rate

The renal plasma flow rate= out for excretion into the bladder and out for recirculation

-If something is NOT secreted or reabsorbed the rate at which it comes out of the renal tubule(GFR) will match the rate at which it enters the bladder

  • If substances are REABSORBED into the kidney – the rate at which it comes out of the bladder will be lower than the GFR
  • if substances are SECRETED and REABSORBED the rate at which it leaves the kidney depends on the proportion of absorption and secretion
  • If it is SECRETED from the kidney – the rate at which it leaves the kidney to enter the bladder will = the rate at which it comes in (the renal plasma flow rate)
24
Q

What is the calculation for renal clearence?

A

C=(UxV)/P ml/min

U= concentration of substance in the urine

V= rate of urine production

P= concentration of urine in the Plasma

If C =50ml that means 50ml of plasma had been cleared of that particular substance per min

25
Q

What is completely reabsorbed from the kidney?

A

Glucose

26
Q

What are the features of the substsnce that we would use to measure/estimate the GFR?

A

Features:

  • FREELY FILTERED
  • NEITHER REABSORBED OR SECRETED in the nephron -because the rate at which it comes out of the nephon will then = the rate at which it entered(the GFR)
27
Q
A
28
Q

What is the ideal molecuel we will use to measure the GFR?

What are the pros and cons?

A

INULIN:

PROS:

  • Freely filtered
  • A plant polysaccharide neither absorbed or secreted
  • Not toxic
  • measurable in plasma and urine

CONS:

-NOT found in mammals so has to infused

29
Q

What is commonly used to measure GFR?

What are the features?

Why is it not an ideal molecule?

A

CREATINE:

FEATURES:

  • If you muscle mass remains consistant the amount of creatine in your urine also remains stable
  • amount creatine released is fairly constant
  • If renal function is stable the amount of creatine in the urine is stable
  • freely filtered

NOT IDEAL:

  • a small amount is SECRETED
  • chronic conditions of muscle wasting willl cause an elevation in the levels of creatine because you’re losing muscle mass
30
Q

What are the features of the substance you would use to measure Renal Plasma Flow rate?

A

-something that is completely secreted e.g. PAH

31
Q

How do you calculate the filtration Fraction?

What is the Filtration fraction?

What is the normal value of the filtration fraction?

A

What fraction of the plamsa entering the kidneys has been filtered

FF=GFR/RPF

Ranges from 0.15-0.25 meaing 15-25% is usually filtered

32
Q

How do you calculate renal plasma flow rate?

A

Measure something that is completely secreted formthe pasma flowing throught he kidney e.g PAH-para-aminohippurate

33
Q

Why does something moving down its electrical gradient count as both passive transport and secondary active transport?

A

because when something moves down its electrical gradient it provides energy thatv can be used to move another solute against its concentration gradient(secondary active transport)

34
Q

What are the different transport pathways in the renal tubules?

A

-Passive Transport- down conc gradient

-Active transport- against conc gradient using energy from ATP or energy from something moving down its electrical gradient

Paracellular pathway-stuff goes between cells- water moves this way and drags other things with it e.g urea, cl-, K+

Transcellular pathway-water moves through cells via AQUAPORINS

Transcellular Na+ reabsorption- sodium moving dow its electrochemical gradient after being exchanged with K+ brings things back innto the cell with it.

35
Q

Describe sodium Bicarbonate reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted tubule?

A

sidenote: Low blood volume/ salt= RENIN released = Angiotensin II released = increases Na+ reabsorption by increasing amount of Na+-H+ antiporters

1-CARBONIC ANHYDRASE converts H+ and HCO3- into H2O and CO2

2-These products enter the cells and are converted back to bicarbonate and a proton

3-The proton is exchanged for Na+, so Na+ enter and H+ leaves via sodium-proton antiporter

4-Sodium is then exchanged for k+ via Na+ k+ ATPase pump

5-HCO3 -Na+ symporter is used to pump both substances out

6-Bicarbonate and sodium are now in high concentrations in the Tubular fluid surrounding the PCT and can therefore move down concentration gradient into the blood ( reabsorbed)

36
Q

What gets reabsorbed on the Proximated Convuluted Tubule?

What get secreted here?

A

Reabsorbed:

  • 50% urea
  • 67% of Na+
  • 67% of Cl-
  • 67% of water
  • 90% of HCO3-
  • 100% glucose
  • 100% amino acids

Secreted:

  • Drugs
  • ammonia
  • bile salts
  • prostoglandins
  • vitamins(folate, ascorbate)
37
Q

Describe glucose reabsorption from the Proximal Covuluted Tubule?

A

1-Sodium and glucose brought into the cells of PCT via Na+-glucose symporter

2-Na+ is transported out of the cell into the Tubular fluid via the Na+-K+ ATPase pump

3-Glucose is transpoted out of the cell into the Tubular fluid via GLUT 2 transporter

4-Na+ and Glucose move down their concentration gradients intot he blood capillaries

38
Q

Describe reabsorption in the loop of Henle?

A

1-Na+CL- actively pumped out of the top of the ascending limb- thcik ascending limb ( descending limb is impermaeable to Na+Cl-) higher concentration outside the loop

2- water passively leaves the bottom of the descending limb which is permaeable to water (descending limb is not )

3-As fluid moves from the bottom up the ascending limb Na+ leaves passively

25% of the Na+ and Cl- is reabsorbed into the blood

15% of water is reabsorbed into the blood

39
Q

Describe what happens in the thick ascending limb (at the top of the ascending limb)?

A
40
Q

Describe reabsorption in the early Distal Convuluted tubule?

A

Na+ and Cl- reabsorption:

1-It is impermeable to water

2-There is a Na+Cl- symporter that allows them to enter the cell

3-Na+ leaves via the Na+K+ ATPase pump and the K+ and Cl- leaves via K+Cl- antiporter

4-Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in to the blood

Active Ca2+ reabsorption:

1-Ca2+ enters the cells of the DCT

2-Na+K+ ATPase pump, pumps Na+ out and K+ in

3-Na+Ca2+ pumps Na+ back in and Ca2+ out

4-Ca2+ ATPase pump also pumps Ca2+ out

5-Ca2+ can then be reabsorbed intot he blood

41
Q

What is reabsorbed and secreted via the Principle cells of the DCT?

A

1-Na+K+ ATPase pump sodium out and K+ in

2-Due to there being less Na+ in the cell Na+ can now passively enter from the other side

3-ALDESTERONE regulates Na+ absorption by increasing the amountof Na+K+ ATPase basolaterally and Na+ channels apically

4-ADH regulates water reabsorption by increasing the amount of aquaporins in the cell membrane

42
Q

How is acid basebalance maintained in the DCT and Collecting Duct

A

In Alpha INTERCALATED CELLS:

H+ ATPase pump to pump H+ out

In Beta INTERCALATED CELLS:

CL-HCO3- Antiporter

43
Q

What happens via alpha/beta intercalated cells?

A

ALPHA- HCO3- reabsorption and H+ secretion

BETA- H+ reabsorption and HCO3- secretion

Bioregulatory systems 4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions