Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastroenterology > Urological Disorders > Flashcards

Urological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal function of the kidney?

A

Flitration
Control salt and water balance
Hormone production
Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce?

A

Erythropoietin

Essential for synthesis of Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the kidney involved in Vitamin D production?

A

1-alpha-hydroxylation of Vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different methods of kidney dysfunction?

A 
Filtration failure
Hypertension and water retention
Metabolic acidosis
Anaemia
Vitamin D deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different types of kidney conditions?

A

Inflammatory
Obstructive
Neoplastic
Developmental/Genetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does water retention cause?

A

Oedema e.g. ankles

Pulmonary oedema- life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the examples of inflammatory kidney disease?

A

Metabolic e.g. diabetic nephropathy
Immunological e.g.
Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the examples of obstructive kidney disease?

A

Stones

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the examples of neoplastic kidney disease

A

Kidney, bladder, prostatic, testicular cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the examples of developmental/genetic kidney disease?

A

Polycystic kidneys

Horseshoe kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is more susceptible to infection of kidney?

A

Kidney transplant patients

Immunosuppressed patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you make a diagnosis of kidney disorders?

A

Case history
Physical examination
Investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What would a typical history be for a UTI?

A

Frequent passing of urine
Fever
Lower abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What physical examinations would be performed if you suspected a UTI?

A

Temperature
Blood pressure
Pulse
Abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What could an abdominal examination show with UTI?

A

Soft

Slightly tender over suprapubic area and left loin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What investigations would you perform if you suspected a UTI?

A

Urine dipstick
Urine microscopy: Culture and sensitivity
Blood tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What could be found in the investigations with UTI?

A

Urine dip stick:
2+ leucocytes
+ nitrate
Trace of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would you look for in the bloods with a UTI?

A

Renal profile
Electrolyte
Urea
Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the treatment for UTIs?

A

Antibiotics
Pain control
Supportive e.g. hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What should be considered when prescribing antibiotics?

A

Depending on severity
Most common bacteria in local area
Modified when sensitivity from urine culture is available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When would you consider imaging this patient?

A

If other factors present

Other differentials possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How can the immune system damage in the kidney?

A

Auto-immune conditions

Antibodies and inflammatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How would autoimmune diseases present clinically?

A

Nephritic syndrome
Proteinuria
Nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the microscopic filtering units of the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the different patterns f organ involvement?

A

Kidney only
Kidney and lung
Multiple organs/tissues involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are characteristic of nephritic syndrome?

A

Haematuria
Variable amount of proteinuria
May have hypertension, reduced urine output and increased urea and creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What specific investigations would you do for nephritic syndrome?

A 
Urine protein:creatinine ratio
Blood test
- Kidney function
- Immunology test
Possible biopsy?
28
Q

What is IgA nephropathy?

A

No idea about cause
Most common primary glomerulonephritis world-wide
High prevalence in fast east

29
Q

What happens in IgA nephropathy?

A

Deposition of IgA antibody in the kidney

About 30% progress to kidney failure

30
Q

What supportive treatments can be given to those with IgA nephropathy?

A

Treat hypertension and reduce proteinuria
Angiotensin receptor inhibitor (ARB)
ACE
Reduce sodium intake

31
Q

What are treatment option (not supportive) for IgA nephropathy?

A

Immunotherapy
Renal replacement therapy
Kidney transplantation
Dialysis

32
Q

What example of kidney and lung disease?

A

Goodpasture’s disease
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody mediated
Shared common antigen between lung and kidney: alpha3chain of type IV collagen

33
Q

What is an example of systemic disease involving the kidneys?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): antinuclear factor and nit-dsDNA

Vasculitis: anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)

34
Q

What disease can be caused by a metabolic cause?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

Most common cause of kidney disease and kidney failure

35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy?

A

Inflammation and fibrosis

36
Q

What are the clinical features of diabetic nephropathy?

A

Microalbuminuria
Proteinuria
Association wit diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy

37
Q

What is the treatment for diabetic nephropathy?

A 
Optimised diabetic control 
Optimised treatment of hypertension 
Reduce proteinuria using ARB and ACE
Transplantation 
Dialysis
38
Q

What is the new medication being trialed?

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

39
Q

What is the kidney disease with an immunological cause?

A

Nephrotic syndrome

40
Q

What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

A 
Peripheral oedema 
Severe proteinuria
Low serum albumin 
Variable amounts of microscopic haemturia 
Associated with hyperlipidemia
41
Q

What is minimal change disease?

A

No changes in disease under light microscope

But abnormal structure of podocytes under electron microscope

42
Q

What are the key features of minimal change glomerulopathy?

A

Most common in children

Complication: high risk of thrombosis

43
Q

What are the causes of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Minimal change glomerulopahty
Membranous nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Lupus nephritis

44
Q

What is the treatment for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Immunotherapy
Diuretics
Prevention of thrombosis: anti-coagulants

45
Q

What is an example of an obstructive kidney disease?

A

Stones

Kidney, ureter, bladder

46
Q

How would stones present clinically?

A

Pain
Blood in urine
Associated with urine infection
90% are radio-opaque

47
Q

What investigations would you perform when suspecting kidney stones?

A 
Urine inspection and dipstick
Blood tests
Imaging
- plain x-ray
- ultrasound 
- CT scan
48
Q

Why might kidney function bloods be normal when someone has a kidney stone?

A

Only one kidney needs to be functioning for normal result

49
Q

What are the treatment option for kidney stones?

A

Supportive: pain control and hydration

Shockwave lithotripsy
Ureterscopy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

50
Q

What does treatment for kidney stone depend on?

A

Size and location of the stones
Availability of local expertise
Fitness of the patients for general anaesthetics

51
Q

What is Shockwave lithotripsy?

A

High energy sound waves to break up large kidney stones into smaller ones

52
Q

What is ureteroscopy?

A

Through urethra, bladder and ureter

53
Q

What is Percutaneous nephrolithotomy?

A

Small percutaneous incision
Insertion of nephroscope
Stone is removed

54
Q

What are benign kidney condition?

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

55
Q

What are malignant kidney conditions?

A

Kidney: renal cell carcinoma
Ureter and bladder: Transitional cell carcinoma
Prostatic cancer
Testicular cancer

56
Q

What is the clinical presentation of kidney tumours?

A

Asymptomatic
Haematuria
Pain

57
Q

What investigations would you perform when suspecting cancer?

A

Imagine
Urine cytology
Blood test for marker (PSA)
Kidney function
Histological diagnosis: biopsy or excised tumour
Staging studies: any evidence of metastasis

58
Q

What is the treatment for neoplastic conditions?

A

To release any obstruction of the urinary tract: nephrostomy, bladder catheter or/and surgery.
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Hormonal therapy for hormone sensitive cancer (e.g. prostatic cancer).
Surgery

59
Q

What is an example of a genetic disorder in the kidney?

A

Polycystic kidney disease?

60
Q

What are the different types of polycystic kidneys?

A

Neonatal: autosomal recessive
Adult onset: autosomal dominant
Some patients do not had family history

61
Q

What are the consequences of polycystic kidneys?

A 
Loss of kidney function 
Pain
Bleeding into renal cysts 
Infection of renal cysts 
Asymptomatic in some patients
62
Q

What treatment is available for polycystic kidney disease?

A

New medication: Tolvaptan (a vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist) to slow down the cysts formation.
Treat hypertension, infection.
Pain control.
Renal replacement therapy (transplantation, dialysis)

63
Q

What is an example of a developmental kidney disease?

A

Horseshoe kidney

64
Q

How is horseshoe kidney diagnosed?

A

Imaging

65
Q

What are the consequences of horseshoe kidney?

A

Increased risk of

  • Obstruction
  • Stones
  • Infection

Gastroenterology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions