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Nephrology and Urology > Urological Cancers > Flashcards

Urological Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

define bladder carcinoma

A

tumours of the bladder and urinary tract arising from urothelial cells that are either:

transitional cells of mucosal urothelium
squamous cells
adenocarcinomas

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2
Q

risk factors of bladder TCC

A

male sex
>55yrs
smoking
exposure to aromatic amines

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3
Q

risk factors of bladder SCC

A 
male sex
>55yrs 
long-term catheterisation
chronic cystitis 
chronic schistosomiasis
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4
Q

clinical features of bladder carcinomas

A 
intermittent painless frank haematuria 
voiding symptoms 
UTIs
weight loss
night sweats 
neuropathic pain on medial thigh
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5
Q

investigations of bladder carcinoma

A

urine dipstick and cytology
flexible cystoscopy
CT urogram
bloods (FBC, U+Es, RFTs+ LFTs)

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6
Q

management of non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma

A

TURBT

chemotherapy

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7
Q

management of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma

A

cystectomy
urinary diversion
radiotherapy or chemotherapy

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8
Q

define renal carcinoma

A

an adenocarcinoma of the renal cortex, arising from proximal convoluted tubules

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9
Q

risk factors of renal carcinoma

A 
male sex
smoking 
obesity 
hypertension 
occupational exposure 
long-term dialysis
chromosome 3p defect
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10
Q

clinical features of renal carcinoma

A 
loin pain and mass 
haematuria (macroscopic)
fatigue 
weight loss 
hypertension 
bilateral ankle oedema
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11
Q

investigations of renal carcinoma

A

urinalysis
bloods (FBC, U+Es, ESR, CRP, RFTs + LFTs)
CT-KUB (+ abdomen and chest)
US renal tract and biopsy

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12
Q

management of renal carcinoma (T1-T3b)

A

radical or partial nephrectomy

image guided percutaneous ablation

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13
Q

management of renal carcinoma (advanced/metastatic)

A

palliative cytoreductive nephrectomy
immunotherapy (e.g. ILN-2)
molecular therapy (e.g. sunitinib)

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14
Q

management of T1 renal carcinoma or renal carcinoma with inadequate contralateral kidney

A

partial nephrectomy

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15
Q

management of T2 and above renal carcinoma

A

radical nephrectomy

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16
Q

define testicular carcinoma

A

a malignancy developing from testicular germ cells that are either seminoma or non-seminomatous germ cell tumours

17
Q

risk factors of testicular carcinomas

A 
< 45yrs 
caucasian descent 
PMH of testicular cancer
cryptorchidism 
genetic abnormalities
18
Q

clinical features of testicular carcinoma

A 
painless scrotal lump 
testicular pain +/- abdominal pain 
dragging sensation 
hydrocele 
back pain
19
Q

investigations of testicular carcinoma

A

bilateral testicular US
CXR
bloods (serum tumour markers)
inguinal orchidectomy biopsy

20
Q

signs of a seminoma testicular cancer

A

⬆️ LDH

mildly ⬆️ hCG

Nephrology and Urology (8 decks)

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