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ANAT1003 test 2 > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system comprise of?

A

kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra

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2
Q

what is the function of the urinary system?

A

to eliminate water from the body, regulate blood volume and pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites and regulate blood pH

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3
Q

through what does the blood enter the kidneys?

A

renal arteries

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4
Q

though what does blood exit the kidneys?

A

renal veins

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5
Q

what filters blood in the kidneys?

A

nephrons

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6
Q

through what does urine enter the kidneys?

A

ureters

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7
Q

through what does urine exit the kidneys?

A

urethra

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8
Q

which germ layer forms the majority of the urinary system?

A

intermediate mesoderm

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9
Q

when are pronephric ducts formed?

A

4th week

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10
Q

where are pronephric ducts formed?

A

cervical region

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11
Q

what do pronephric ducts induce?

A

adjacent mesenchyme to condense into pronephroi

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12
Q

what do pronephroi form in fish and amphibians?

A

functional nephrons

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13
Q

in what direction does the ductal system extend?

A

caudal

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14
Q

what it the mesonephros?

A

the first functional kidney in the early embryo

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15
Q

when do the phenephric ducts begin to degenerate?

A

by the 25th day, but not until they extend caudally to form the mesonephric duct

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16
Q

what is the adult kidney called?

A

metanephric kidney

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17
Q

where are human kidneys found?

A

in the paravertabral gutter, on either side of the abdomen

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18
Q

which kidney is slightly lower than the other?

A

the right kidney is slightly lower than the left

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19
Q

what is located on top of each kidney?

A

adrenal gland

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20
Q

how many nephrons does the average kidney have?

A

1 million

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21
Q

what happens in the glomerulus and bowmans capsule?

A

blood pressure drives water and solutes out of the blood and into the bowmans capsule

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22
Q

which parts of the urinary system are formed of endoderm?

A

bladder and urethra

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23
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm form during embryonic folding?

A

a longitudinal mass called the urogenital ridge

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24
Q

what does the urogenital ridge form?

A

the urinary and genital systems

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25
Q

what is the nephrogenic cord?

A

the part of the urogenital ridge that forms the urinary system

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26
Q

what is the gonadal ridge (or genital ridge)?

A

the part of the urogenital ridge that forms the genital system

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27
Q

what are the names of the three different kidneys that are formed during development?

A

pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros

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28
Q

what do the nephric ducts fuse with and when?

A

the clocea on day 26

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29
Q

what is the clocea?

A

an endodermal sac that links to both the digestive tract and the allantois

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30
Q

what are pronephroi?

A

rudimentary and non-functional nephrons

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31
Q

what induces adjacent mesenchyme to condense into mesonephroi?

A

the mesonephric duct

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32
Q

when does the metanephroi (permenant kidney) begin to form?

A

5th week

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33
Q

when do the mesonephroi become functional?

A

end of the 11th week

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34
Q

what happens to urine in the embryo?

A

it is secreted into the amniotic cavity where it contributes to amniotic fluid

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35
Q

what acts on the nephric duct to induce the formation of the ureteric bud?

A

the metenephric mesenchyme

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36
Q

what is another name for the nephric duct?

A

metanephric diverticulum

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37
Q

what is the main inductive signal involved in forming the metanephric kindey?

A

Glial-Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)

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38
Q

what signals does the mesenchyme release?

A

BMP4

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39
Q

what does BMP4 ensure?

A

that only a single ureteric bud is formed by each nephric duct

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40
Q

caudal mesonephric ducts sprout ureteric buds that grow into what?

A

a metanephric blastula

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41
Q

what happens to the ureteric ducts?

A

they bifurcate and induce cranial and caudal lobes in the metanephric blastula

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42
Q

the tip of each collecting duct induces the blastemal cap to form what?

A

a nephric vesicle

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43
Q

what will the nephric vesicle form?

A

bowmans capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the loop of henle

44
Q

what are the testes?

A

paired organs that lie outside of the pelvis in scrotal sacs

45
Q

what to testes produce?

A

sperm and male hormones

46
Q

what is the epididymus?

A

tightly coiled tubes adjacent to the testes

47
Q

what does the epididymus do?

A

acts as a maturation and storage vesicle for sperm

48
Q

what is the vas deferens?

A

a long, thin tube that carries sperm from the epidiymus to the penis

49
Q

where is the seminal vesicle?

A

it is attached to the vas deferens along the side of the bladder

50
Q

what does the seminal vesicle do?

A

it produces seminal fluid which nourishes the spermatozoa

51
Q

what is the prostate?

A

it surrounds the ejacultory ducts at the base of the urethra below the bladder. it produces seminal fluid which nourishes the spermatozoa

52
Q

what are the ovaries?

A

small paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

53
Q

what do the ovaries produce?

A

ovum and female hormones

54
Q

what are the fallopian tubes?

A

paired oviducts that lead from the ovaries to the uterus

55
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

in the fallopian tubes

56
Q

what is the uterus?

A

a pear shaped muscular organism that provides nutritional support and mechanical protection for the implanted embryo. contractions of the uterus are important for pushing the fetus out during birth

57
Q

what does PGC stand for?

A

primordial germ cells

58
Q

when are the PGCs formed and where?

A

during gastrulation in week 2 in the caudal epiblast layer

59
Q

where do the PGCs migrate to?

A

the gonadal ridge via the umbilical cord, gut and dorsal mesentery

60
Q

where is the gonadal ridge?

A

in the intermediate mesoderm between the forelimb and hindlimb

61
Q

what are gonads?

A

testes in males and ovaries in females

62
Q

what do PCGs promote the development of?

A

gonads

63
Q

what does the gonadal ridge form?

A

the somatic cells of the gonad

64
Q

what do the gonads proliferate to form?

A

primitive sex cords

65
Q

what happens to males sex cords?

A

they grow into the gonadal ridge to form the testis cords

66
Q

what do the testis cords form?

A

seminiferous tubules composed of sertoli cells

67
Q

what does the mesenchyme form (males)?

A

leydig cells

68
Q

what are leydig cells responsible for?

A

testosterone production

69
Q

what does the anti-mullerine hormone do?

A

cause degeneration of the mullerian duct

70
Q

what is turners syndrome?

A

a sterile female - XO

71
Q

what is klinefelters syndrome?

A

sterile male - XXY

72
Q

how many base pairs does the Y chromosome have?

A

59million

73
Q

how many protein coding genes does the Y chromosome have?

A

45-53

74
Q

which arm of the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene?

A

the short arm

75
Q

what does the SRY gene specify?

A

testes development and therefore the male sex

76
Q

what regions contain genes that are shared with the X chromosome?

A

the pseudoautosomnal region

77
Q

what is SRY?

A

a DNA binding protein/transcription factor

78
Q

what proteins does SRY encode?

A

proteins belonging to the SOX family

79
Q

what do mutations in SRY cause?

A

swyer syndrome

80
Q

what is swyer syndrome?

A

female anatomy but cannot produce female hormones, therefore no secondary sexual characteristics

81
Q

in the genital ridge, what does SRY activate the transcription of?

A

SOX9

82
Q

what is SOX9?

A

a closely related transcription factor that drives testes development

83
Q

in the absence of SRY, what happens?

A

WNT4 is transcribed in the genital ridge and ovarian development takes place

84
Q

what is physical appearance determined by?

A

hormones secreted by the gonads

85
Q

what drives the development of male characteristics?

A

testosterone from testes

86
Q

what does AMH induce?

A

the degeneration of mullerian ducts and the absence of the female reproductive tract

87
Q

in the absence of testosterone and AMH, what happens?

A

mesonephric ducts degenerate and mullerian ducts differentiate into female reproductive tract

88
Q

what does the development of female characteristics require?

A

the absence of testosterone and the production of oestrogen

89
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

XX individuals have more masculine genitals than normal

90
Q

what causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

an autosomal recessive mutation in genes that encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of adrenal hormones (cortisol and aldosterone). leads to increase in level of testosterone.

91
Q

what do female sex cords do?

A

they remain in the cortex of the gonodal ridge and form ovarian cords

92
Q

what do ovarian cords form?

A

granulosa (follicle) cells that surround the developing ova

93
Q

what does mesenchyme form (female)?

A

Thecal cells

94
Q

what are thecal cells responsible for?

A

oestrogen production

95
Q

what does the mullerian duct form in females?

A

the caudal ends of the mullerian ducts fuse to form oviducts, uterus and the upper third of the vagina

96
Q

what makes up the lower two thirds of the vagina?

A

endoderm

97
Q

how many females have a uterine defect?

A

1%

98
Q

what is the most common uterine defect?

A

a seperated uterus

99
Q

how does the male genitalia form?

A

urogenital folds fuse and genital tubercle elongates to form the penis. invagination of the ectoderm covering the glans forms distal urethra. labioscrotal folds form the scrotum.

100
Q

how does the female genitalia form?

A

genital tubercle bends inferiourly to form the clitoris. urogenital folds remain separated to form labia minora. labiosacral folds form the labia majora.

101
Q

when is primary sex determined?

A

sex chromosome carried by sperm

102
Q

which sex forms in the absence of SRY?

A

female

103
Q

what is 5-a-reductase deficiency?

A

when a genetically male (XY) infant is born with indifferent genitalia

104
Q

what causes 5-a-reductase deficiency?

A

autosomal recessive mutations in the gene encoding isofrom 2 of 5-a-reductase

105
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

genetically male (XY) infant with prenatal feminisation, ranging from ambiguous genitalia to full female appreance

106
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome caused by?

A

a recessive mutation in androgen receptor gene

ANAT1003 test 2 (8 decks)

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