Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Embryology > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

Types of germ cells

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ectoderm

A

Skin, CNS,PNS, eyes, internal ear, neural crest cells (bones and connective tissue of the face and skull)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Mesoderm

A

Bones, connective tissue, urogenital system, cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endoderm

A

Gut and gut derivatives (liver, pancreas, lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Urogenital system can be divided functionally into which systems

A

Urinary system
Genital system

These systems therefore are embryologically and anatomically closely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Urinary and genital systems both develop from the…which forms a…

A

Intermediate mesoderm

Longitudinal “Urogenital ridge”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Urinary system consists of

A

-Kidneys-produce urine
-Ureters-convert urbane from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
-bladder- stores urine
-urethra-excrete urine from the bladder
(Nephrons which are functional units of the kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three successive sets of kidneys form in human embryos

A

Proneproi (rudimentary and non functional)

Mesonepheoi (functional for short time)

Metanephroni (forms the permanent kidney)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pronephroi

When does the pronephros appear

A

Early in the forth week as segmentally arranged cell and tubular (probephric tubuli) structures in the cervical region of the intermediate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pronephroi

Pronephric ducts run….. and open into the ….

Pronephroi degenerate but…

A

Caudally and open into the cloaca

The ducts persist and are used by the next set of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mesonephroi appear.. and are____ to the ___

A

Later in the 4th week

Caudal to the pronephroi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Facts about the mesonephroi

A
  • functional for short time
  • arise from cell clusters->vesicular-> tubules
  • tubules contact pronephric duct which is now called meonephric duct
  • ducts and a few tubules persist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mesonephric kidneys consist of

A

Glomeruli and tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mesonephric tubules open into ….

A

Bilateral Mesonephric ducts, which were originally the pronephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Mesonephric ducts open into the….

A

Cloaca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The mesonephroi degenerate toward the_______ however, their tubules_____

A

Of the first trimester

Become efferent ductules of the testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Metanephroi

A

Permanent kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When do metanephroi develop

A

In the 5th week and begin functioning by week 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metanephroi

Urine is produced and excreted into

Fetus drinks…… and wastes are….. and removed by….

A

Amniotic fluid

Amniotic fluid and wastes are absorbed and removed via the placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Level of amniotic fluid is ___

A

Important

(Oligo or polyhydramnios)

Polyhydramnios-build up of amniotic fluid due to blockage of GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The uretic bud forms as an outgrowth from the

A

Mesonephric duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Metanephroi develop from —- sources both of mesodermal origin…

A

2

  • Metanephric diverticulum behind as an outgrowth from the Mesonephric duct near cloaca
  • metanephric blastema is located in the caudal part of the nephronogenic cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Metanephric diverticulum gives rise to

A

Ureter, renal pelvis, major and minor calices, and collecting ducts and tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Metanephric blastema gives rise to

A

As collecting tubules form, they induce the mesoderm to form clusters->vesicles-> tubules-> nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Metanephric diverticulum

A

The stalk of the Metanephric diverticulum becomes the ureter

The cranial portion of the diverticulum undergoes repetitive branching events, forming the branches which differentiate into the collecting tubules of the Metanephros

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Metanephric diverticulum

First four generation tubules become confluent and form the…..

Second four…

A

Major Calices

Generation coalesce and from minor calices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Metanephric blastema

End of collecting tubules and proximal ends of tubules

A

The end of the collecting tubules (from metanephric diverticulum) induces clusters of mesenchymal cells to form small metanephric vesicles that elongate to form metanephric tubules

The proximal ends of the tubules are invaginated by glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Distal end of nephron (DCT) contacts and joins with

A

Collecting tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Metanephric diverticulum and mesoderm have reciprocal inductive influence…

A

Differentiation of both primordia depends on inductive signals from the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reciprocal induction

Metanephric diverticulum
Nephrons

A

Branching of the metanephric diverticulum is dependent on induction by the metaneprhic mesenchyme

Differentiation of the nephrons depends on induction by collecting tubules

Metanephric diverticulum and the metanephrogenic blastema interact and include each other, a process known as reciprocal induction to form the permanent kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Formation of uriniferous tubule

A

The metanephric tubules, the primordia of the nephrons, become continuous with the collecting tubules and form uriniferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A uriniferous tubule consists of two embryologically different parts:

A
  • a nephron deceived from the metanephrogenic blastema

- a collecting tubule deceived from the metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are your kidneys?

What blood vessel is present and when?

A
  • position of kidneys changes
  • formed in the pelvis but come to lie in the abdomen due to growth of body caudal to kidneys
  • as kidneys ascend, their blood supply changes
  • definitive renal arteries are present at about 9 weeks
  • variations in arterial supply to kidneys are very common (25%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Abnormalities of kidneys and ureters

A
  • occur in 3-4% of the population
  • renal agenesis (unilateral or bilateral): missing of one or both kidneys
  • ectopic kidneys (in abnormal position)
  • horseshoe kidney (inferior poles are fused)
  • duplications of upper urinary tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cloaca is divided by

A

Urorectal septum into dorsal rectum and venteal Urogenital sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bladder and urethra are derived from

A

UG sinus and adjacent mesoderm

As bladder enlarges, caudal parts of Mesonephric ducts are incorporated into the wall therefore ureters enter bladder directly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Initially the bladder is continuous with..

_____ becomes median umbilical ligament

A

Allantois

Allantois constricts ->urachus that is attached to apex of bladder and umbilicus

Urachus becomes median umbilical ligament (urachal sinus or fistula if remains patent)

38
Q

Urethra develops from

A

Caudal portion of UG sinus

39
Q

Exstrophy of bladder results from

A

Failure of mesoderm to migrate and improper formation of anterior abdominal wall

40
Q

Steps of Reciprocal Induction and Genes involved

A
  • MB induces branching of MD which induces MB to form cluster of cells which condense to form vesicles
  • In MB where cells cluster up=metanephric tissue caps
  • tissue caps have expression of WT1 (TF)
  • when invaginating to prevent MB from apoptosis, MD expresses BMP7 and FGF2
  • In MD there are RTK receptors (RET for GDNF and MET for HGF)
  • MB expression of WT1 causes increased expression of GDNF (glial derives neurotrophic factor) and HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)
  • MD release WNT9B and WNT6 to increase Pax2 and WNT4
  • Pax2 causes condensation of mesenchymal cells and WNT4 causes epithelialization into vesicles and tubes
41
Q

Mesenchymal to epithelial transformation reauires increased expression of what?

A

E-Cadherin (adhesion moleucles)

42
Q

Genetic sex of an embryo is determined when? And depends on what?

A

At the time of fertilization and depends on the type of sperm that fertilized the secondary oocyte

43
Q

The early genital systems in the teo sexes are similar; therefore the inital perood of genital development is reffedred to as the

A

Indefferent stage of sexual develpment

44
Q

The gonads (testes and ovaries) are derived from which sources?

A
  • Mesothelium (mesodermal epithelium), lining the posterior abdominal wall
  • underlying mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)
  • primordial germ cells
45
Q

Indifferent gonads in embryos

A
  • with an xx sex chromosome complex: the cortex of the indifferent gonad differentiaties into an ovary
  • with an xy sex chromosome complex: the medulla differentiates into a testis, and thr cortex regresses, except for vestigial remnants
46
Q

Primordial germ cells

Where do they migrate?

A

Large, spherical sex cells visible early in the 4th week among the endodermal cells of the umbilical vesicle (yolk sac) near the origin of the allantois.

Migrate along rhe dorsal mesentery of the hindgut to the gonadal ridges

47
Q

Paramesonephric duct becomes the??

A

Fallopian/uterine tube

48
Q

During the 6th week of development, the primordial germ cells enter the underlying mesenchyme and are incorporated in the _____

A

Gonadal cords

49
Q

The migration of the primordial germ cells is regulated by which genes?

A

Stella, fragilis, BMP-4

50
Q

Before 7the week gonads of teo sexes are identical in appearance and are called

A

Indifferent gonads

51
Q

Testis-determining factor (TDF)

A

A protein product of the gene SRY located in the Y chromsome which determines testicular differentiation

Therefore absence of Y chromosome results in formatiom of the ovary

52
Q

Presence of _____ is responsible for differentiation of testes from indifferent gonad

A

TDF

53
Q

Gonadal sex cords become ____________ when TDF is present

A

Seminiferous tubules, tubuli recti, and rete testes as they branch and anastomose (tube fusion)

54
Q

Gonadal cords to seminiferous tubules has which other genes involved

A

Sox9 and FGF9

55
Q

Walls of seminiferous tubules include ____ and _____ derived from ____ and _____

A

Spermatogonia dereived from primordial germ cells

Sertoli cells derived from surface mesothelium

56
Q

Interstitial cells of Leydig are derived from ______ and lie between seminiferous tubues

A

Mesoderm

57
Q

Interstitial cells begin to secrete ______ in the _____ week which influences development of _____ and ____

A

Testosterone

8th

Indifferent ducts

External genitalia

58
Q

Compare testes and ovaries development

A

Testis:

  • medullary cord develop
  • no cortical cords
  • thick tunica albuginea

Ovary:

  • medullary cords degenerate
  • cortical cords develop
  • no tunica albuginea
59
Q

Genetic signals from XY chromosme

A

SRY—->SOX9—>SF1 and other genes—->Testes

Steroidogenesis factor 1
SRY produces TDF (TF)
SOX9 is an autosomal gene

60
Q

SOX9 induces testes to produce ____ which acts as a ____

A

FGF9

Chemotactic factor that causes tubules from mesonephruc ducts to penetrate gonadal ridges

61
Q

SF1 influences _____ and _____

A

Sertoli cells to produce AMH/MIS/PIH

Leydig cells to produce testosterone

62
Q

What inhibits paramesoneprhuc duct?

A

AMI

63
Q

What inhibts WNT4

A

SOX9

64
Q

Genetic signals from XX chromosome

A

WNT4->DAX1 and other genes->ovaries

65
Q

WNT4

A

Master gene for ovary development

66
Q

What inhibts SOX9

A

DAX1

67
Q

AMH/MIS/PIH

A

Anti müllerian hormone
Müllerian inhibiting hormone
Paramesoneprhic inhibiting hormone

-suppresses paramesonephric duct =Fallopian tube

68
Q

Testosterone from leydig cells stimulates which ducts to form vas deferns and epididymis

A

Mesonephric

69
Q

Dihydrotestosterone stimulates what

A

External genitalia to grow (penis, scrotum, and prostate)

70
Q

Paramesonephric ducts are stimulated by…

A

Absence of SRY and presence of WNT4 along with estrogen from maternal and placental sources

71
Q

Stimulated paramesonephric ducts form what

A

Uterine tube, upper portion of vagina, cervix, uterus

72
Q

Development of ovary from indifferent gonad

A
  • develops slower than testes
  • gonadal sex cords degenerate
  • cortical cords form and incorporate primordial germ cells
  • break up into clusters to form primordial follicles
  • oogonia divide during fetal life producing 2M primary oocytes
73
Q

Indifferent duct sustem

-2 pairs of genital ducts form:

A
  • mesonephric ducts
  • paramesonephric ducts-lateral to mesonephric ducts, and cranial end open into peritoneal cabitt and the caudal ends fused-uterovaginal primordium
74
Q

Mesonephric ducts into male genital duct system is influences by what

A

Production of testosterone by fetal testes

75
Q

Testes also produce _________ from ______ which inhibts decelopment of the paramesonephric ducts

A

Paramesonephric inhibiting hormone/ Anti Mullerian Hormone/ Mullerian inhibiting substance

Sertoli cells

76
Q

In females, lack of _____ and _____ results in paramesonephric ducts deceoping and mesonephric ducts regressing

A

Testosterone

MIS

77
Q

In males, some mesonephric tubules persists and form___

A

Efferent ductules

78
Q

Mesonephric duct gives rise to

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct

79
Q

Development of female genital ducts from indifferent ducts

A
  • mesonephric ducts regress
  • cranial ends of paramesonephric ducts form uterine tubes
  • caudal fused portiok forms uterovagonal primordium
80
Q

Uterovaginal primordium gives rise to

A

Uterus, upper half of vagina

-reaminser from mesoderm

81
Q

Sinus tubercle becomes what in men and women

A

Hymen

Seminal colliculus (elecated part of urethral crest on prostraitc urethra)

82
Q

Indifferent external genitalia behins to devleop when and include what

A

4th week

  • genital tubercle (phallus)
  • labioscrotal swellings
  • urogenital folds
83
Q

What causes masculinization of indifferent external genitalia

A

Testosterone

84
Q

In males, the phallus elongates to becomes the

A

Glans penis

85
Q

Urogenital folds fuse to form _____ in males

A

Penile urethra

86
Q

Corpora cavernosa and spongiosum develop from ____ of penis

A

Mesoderm

87
Q

Labioscrotal swellings fuse to form ___ in males

A

Scrotum

88
Q

In females the phallus becomes what

A

Clitoris

89
Q

In females, urogential folds become what

A

Labia minora

90
Q

In females, labioscrotal swellings become what

A

Labia majora

Human Embryology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions