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Human Embryology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system consists of 3 parts

A
  • Central Nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord
  • The peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes neruons outside the CNS and, cranial and spinal nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with peripheral structures
  • Automatic nervous system (ANS), which has parts in both the CNS and PNS and consists of neurones that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular epithelium, or combinations of these tissues
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2
Q

The neural tube differentiators into the ________, consisting of ________

A

CNS

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Neural crest gives rise to

A

Cells that form most of the PNS and ANS, consisting of cranial, spinal, and autonomic ganglia, and many other structures

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4
Q

The nervous system develops from the

A

Neural plate

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5
Q

The notochord and practical mesenchyme induce _____ to differentiate into the ______

A

Overlying ectoderm

Neural plate

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6
Q

Signalling molecules used to induce neural tube

A

TGF-Beta family

Shh

BMP

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7
Q

Molecular signals for brain development are initiated at the neural plate stage:

What established sensory and motor regions

A

BMPS establish sensory regions

Shh established motor regions

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8
Q

BMPS AND SHH are released in ______ gradients

A

Opposite

Ventral has more shh
Dorsal has more BMP

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9
Q

Shh is secreted by the _____ and the ______ in the neural tube

BMP’s are secreted by the ______ of the neural tube

A

Notochord
Floorplate

Roofplate

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10
Q

Neurulation

A

Formation of the neural plate and neural tube begins in 3rd week

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11
Q

Neural tube formation begins in the ___ week and is complete by the end of the ____ week

A

3rd

4th

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12
Q

The cranial opening of the neural tube _______ closes on approximately the ___ day while the ______ closes on the ____ day

A

Anterior neural pore or rostral

25th

Caudal neuropore or posterior neural pore

27th

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13
Q

Neural tube closure established the

A

CNS

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14
Q

The walls of the neural tube thicken to form the ________

A

Brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Neural canal forms

A
  • ventricular system if the brain (anterior)

- central canal of the spinal cord (posterior)

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16
Q

Cells of the wall of the neural tube (neuroepithelial) proliferate and the _______ decreases

A

Lumen

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17
Q

Neuroepithelial cells produce 3 types of cells….

A

Histogenesis of cells in the CNS

  1. Neuroblast (form neurons)
    - apolar
    - bipolar
    - unipolar
  2. Glioblast (spongioblast) which become
    Macroglia: Atroblast and Oligodendroblast
  3. Ependyma (cells remaining next to neural canal)

Happens in this order

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18
Q

Microglial cells are derived from ________ and serve as

A

Mesenchymal cells that invade the developing nervous system with blood vessels

Immune response cells

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19
Q

Walls of neural tube differentiate into 3 layers:

A
  • inner ventricular layer
  • intermediate layer
  • outer marginal layer
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20
Q

Where in the neural tube wall are the 3 types of neuroepithelial cells

A
  • ependymal cells remain in ventricular layer
  • neuroblasts and glioblasts complete differentiation in the intermediate layer
  • marginal zone is outer parts of neurons and also glial cells
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21
Q

Development of spinal cord

A
  • neural tube caudal to the 4th pair of somites develops into the spinal cord
  • lateral walls of the neural tube thicken, gradually reducing the size of the neural canal until only a minute central canal of the spinal cord is present at 9-10 weeks.
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22
Q

Spinal cord develops from the _____ parts of the _____

A

Caudal

Neural tube

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23
Q

Roof and floor of neural tube are

A

Thin plates

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24
Q

Side walls of neural tube thicken and the ______ separate the side walls into

A

Sulcus separates

Dorsal (alar) plates

Ventral (basal) plates

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25
Q

Alar plates become the __________

A

Dorsal horns of gray matter

  • neuron cell bodies are in the intermediate layer. The marginal layer becomes the white matter
  • have afferent/ sensory function
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26
Q

2/3 of neural tube becomes ____

1/3 becomes _____

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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27
Q

Neuron function different based on dorsal/ ventral aspect

A

-afferent/sensory (grow into alar plates) dorsal=BMP

-efferent/ motor (grow out of basal plate)
Ventral=shh

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28
Q

The intermediate layer of the neural tube is also called the

A

Mantle

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29
Q

Unipolar neurons in the spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglia) are derived from

A

Neural crest cells

30
Q

The axons of cells in the spinal ganglia are first _____, but the two processes soon untie in a _______ fashion

A

Bipolar

T-shaped

31
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to

A

Dorsal root ganglia (cell bodies of sensory neurons)

32
Q

Peripheral processes are in _____

Central processes enter spinal cord as ______

A

Spinal nerves

Dorsal root of spinal nerve and enter dorsal horn of grey matter

33
Q

Basal plates becomes the _______ and _______

A

Lateral and ventral horns of grey matter

34
Q

Basal plates have an ____ function

A

Efferent

35
Q

Axons of nerurons in ventral horn grow out of _______ and form ______

A

Spinal cord

Ventral roots of spinal nerves

36
Q

Spinal nerve divides into dorsal and ventral _____

A

Primary rami

  • dorsal primary rant Innervate the limbs, vertebral joints and the skin of the back
  • ventral primary ramy innervate the limbs and ventral body wall
37
Q

Development of the spinal Meninges

A
  • mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube condensed to form a membrane called the primordial meninx or meninges
  • external layer of this membrane thickens to form the dura mater
  • internal layer (pia-arachnoid), composed of pia mater and arachnoid mater (leptomeninges), is derived from neural crest cells
  • cerebrospinal fluid begins to form during the 5th week
38
Q

When does CSF begin to form

A

5 the week

39
Q

Pia-arachnoid (leptomeninges) is derived from

A

Neural crest cells

40
Q

Positional changes of the spinal cord

A

Because the vertebral column grows more rapidly than the spinal cord, the position of the spinal cord within the vertebral column changes

  • spinal cord comes to lie at progressively higher levels without the vertebral column
  • end at L1 in adult
41
Q

Myelination of Nerve fibres

A
  • Begins during late fetal period and continues during first year after birth
  • in PNS, myelin is formed by Schwann cells (from neural crest)
  • in CNS, myelin is formed by Oligodendrocytes
  • tracks become functional when myelinated
42
Q

How does Myelin sheath speed up action potential

A
  • insulation helps impulses to hop instead of moving in a straight line which is quicker.
  • nodes of ravier
43
Q

Development of the brain

A
  • cranial part of the neural tube becomes the brain
  • neural tube dilates in the 4th week giving rise to 3 primary brain vesicles
  • forebrain (prosencephalon)
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
44
Q

What creates the dilations in developing brain

A

-walls of neural tube expand rapidly

45
Q

During the ______ week, ___ secondary brain vesicles are formed as the ______ and ______ divide

A

5

5

Forebrain

Hindbrain

46
Q

5 secondary vesicles

A

Forebrain:

  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon

Midbrain

Hindbrain:

  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
47
Q

5 secondary vesicles and the adult derived structures

A 
Medulla-mylencephalon 
Pons and cerebellum-metencephalon 
Midbrain-mesocephalon 
Thalami-Diecephalon 
Cerebrum-Telencephalon
48
Q

Adults brain cavities and their derivatives

A

Lateral ventricles from Telencephalon

Third ventricle from Diencephalon

Aqueduct from midbrain

Upper part of fourth ventricle from Metencephalon

Lower part of fourth ventricle from myelenchephalon

49
Q

The _________ demarcates the hindbrain from the spinal cord

A

Cervical flexure

50
Q

The ______ divides the hindbrain into caudal - myelencephalon and rostral - metencephalon

A

Pontine flexure

51
Q

The myelencephalon becomes the ______ and the metencephalon becomes the _______

A

Medulla

Pons and cerebellum

52
Q

Regions of Medulla

A

Medulla has 2 regions

  • caudal closed region
  • rostral open region
53
Q

Unlike those of the spinal cord, neuroblasts from the alar plates in the myelenchephalon migrate into the __________ and form ________

A

Marginal zone

Isolated areas of gray matter

  • the gracile nuclei medically
  • cube ate nuclei laterally
54
Q

Neuroblasts in the closed region of the medulla

Open part of medulla

A

The closed region of the medulla is similar in structure to the spinal cord.
-neuroblasts of alar plates form discrete nuclei (gracile nuclei and cube are nuclei)

Open part is wide and flat

  • motor nuclei lie medial to the sensory nuclei
  • neural canal becomes part of the 4th ventricle
55
Q

Neuroblasts in the alar plates of the medulla form neurons that are arranged in ______ Columns on each side. From medial to lateral they are:

A

4

General visceral afferent: recurve impulses from the viscera

special visceral afferent: receiving taste fibres

General somatic afferent: receiving impulses from the surface of the head

Special somatic afferent: receive impulses from the ear

56
Q

Neuroblasts in the basal plates of the medulla, organize into ____ cell volume on each side. From medial to lateral, they are:

A

3

General somatic efferent: neurons of the hypoglossal nerve

Special visceral efferent: neurons innervating muscles derived from the pharyngeal arches

General visceral efferent: neurons of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves

57
Q

The thin ependymal roof of the 4th ventricle is covered externally by

A

Pia mater from mesenchyme

58
Q

The vascular membrane, together with the ependymal roof forms the _____ of the 4th ventricle

A

Tela choroidea

59
Q

Because of the active proliferation of the pia mater, the _______invaginated the ________ where it differentiated into the _______

A

Tela choroidea

4th ventricle

Choroid plexus

60
Q

What secretes ventricular fluid which becomes cerebral springlike fluid

A

Choroid plexuses

61
Q

Development of the pons and cerebellum

A
  • similar to open part of the medulla
  • alar plates thicken to form the cerebellum
  • neuroblasts migrate to the marginal zone forming the cerebellar cortex (grey matter)
  • pons consists of large bundles of fibres connecting the cerebrum to the cerebellum and spinal cord
62
Q

Midbrain develops from the

A

Mesencephalon

63
Q

Development of the mesencephalon

A
  • region undergoes the least amount of change and remains similar to the spinal cord
  • neuoblasts of alar plates migrate and form 2 pairs of nuclei-superior and inferior colliculi involved in visual and auditory reflexes respectively
  • neuron lasts of basal plates form several nuclei all with efferent functions
  • ventral aspect has 2 bulges called cerebral peduncles which are fibre tracts coming from the cerebrum
  • neural canal becomes the cerebral aqueduct
64
Q

Prosencephalon develops into the

A

Diecephalon and telencephalon

Can’t identify alar and basal plates
Demarked by sulcus limitans but can’t see it here

65
Q

Diencephalon is ___ part of forebrain and gives rise to

A

Caudal

Epithalamus

Thalamus and

Hypothalamus

66
Q

Neural canal becomes

A

Third ventricle

67
Q

Pituitary gland develops from which tissues

A
  • hypophysial diverticulum (roof of stomodeum)

- neurohypophysial diverticulum (floor of diencephalon)

68
Q

Telencephalon develops from the _____ most part of the ______ and becomes the ______

A

Cranial

Forebrain

Cerebrum

69
Q

Cerebrum begins as a ______

A

2 bubble like outgrowths called cerebral vesicles which will become the left and right cerebral hemispheres

  • as hemispheres expand the become c-shaped
  • neural canal becomes the lateral ventricles
  • cells of the intermediate layer migrate to the marg al layer giving rise to the cerebral cortex
70
Q

Surface of the cerebrum is initially _____ but as hemispheres grow, become ______

A

Smooth

Convoluted (gyri and sulci)

71
Q

Red nucleus not known if

A

Afferent or efferent

72
Q

Pars nervosa is derived from

A

Neuropophysial diverticulum

Human Embryology (6 decks)

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