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AUBF > Urine Specimen > Flashcards

Urine Specimen Flashcards

1
Q

Urine Containers should be:

A
  • clean, dry, leak-proof containers
  • Disposable single-use containers must be used
  • Wide mouth and with a wide flat bottom
  • Clear material
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2
Q

Recommended capacity specifically for routine urinalysis testing:

A

50 mL

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3
Q

All specimens must be labeled immediately after collection with:

A
  1. Patient’s name, ID number, date, and time of collection should be noted
  2. Also, patient’s age and location (address) and healthcare provider’s name
  3. Labels must be attached to the container (not to the lid) and should not detach if the container is refrigerated or frozen
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4
Q

Requisitions may be:

A

manual (handwritten) or computerized (input, print, and accompanied to the urine specimen)

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5
Q

Requisitions must:

A

Must accompany specimens delivered to the laboratory

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6
Q

The laboratory should reject specimens that are:

A
  1. are unlabeled or improperly labeled
  2. Labels and requisition forms that do not match
  3. Specimens contaminated with feces or toilet paper
  4. Containers with contaminated exteriors
  5. Specimens of insufficient quantity
  6. Specimens that have been transported improperly
  7. Specimens that have not been preserved correctly during a time delay
  8. Specimens for urine culture collected in a nonsterile container
  9. Inappropriate collection for the type of testing needed (for example, midstream clean-catch specimen for bacterial culture)
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7
Q

After collection, specimens should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within?

A

2 hours

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8
Q

A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be:

A

refrigerated or have an appropriate chemical preservative added.

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9
Q

Bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material will have a change in what analyte?

A

Clarity

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10
Q

An analyte _____ will have a multiplication of bacteria that increases the ammonia smell because there is a breakdown of urea into ammonia

A

Odor

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11
Q

PaBAON: increase or decrease?

A

Increase

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12
Q

An analyte _____ will have a multiplication of bacteria that has an increased change because there is a breakdown of urea into ammonia due to urease-producing bacteria/loss of CO2

A

pH

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13
Q

Oxidation to urobilin is a result of a decrease in what analyte?

A

Urobilinogen

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14
Q

oxidation to biliverdin is a result of a decreased in what analyte?

A

Bilirubin

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15
Q

what does analytes PaBAON stand for?

A

pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite

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16
Q

The method of preservation used most routinely is: (why)

A

refrigeration at 2°C to 8°C,

because: it decreases bacterial growth and metabolism.

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17
Q

If the urine is to be cultured, what should you do?

A

it should be refrigerated during transit and kept refrigerated until cultured, up to 24 hours

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18
Q

If the urine is subjected to chemical examination using reagent strips, what should you do?

A

The specimen must return to room temperature before chemical
testing by reagent strips.

why? BECAUSE: the enzyme reactions on the strips perform best at room temperature.

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19
Q

Refrigeration of urine samples can cause precipitation of:

A

amorphous urate and phosphate crystals

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20
Q

When a specimen must be transported over a long distance and refrigeration is impossible, what should you do?

A

chemical preservatives may be added.

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21
Q

The ideal preservative should be:

A
  1. bactericidal
  2. inhibit urease
  3. preserve formed elements in the sediment
  4. Preservatives should not interfere with chemical tests

REMEMBER: the ideal preservative does not
exist!!!!

therefore, a preservative that best suits the needs of the required analysis should be chosen.

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22
Q

This preservative prevents bacterial growth and metabolism but interferes with the analysis of drugs and hormones

A

ACIDS!!!!!!

(boric acid, HCL, acetic acid, tartaric acid)

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23
Q

This preservative does not interfere with
chemical tests but precipitates amorphous
phosphates and urates

A

Refrigeration<3

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24
Q

This preservative is an excellent sediment
preservative but acts as a reducing agent, interfering with chemical tests for glucose, blood, leukocyte esterase, and
copper reduction

A

Formalin (formaldehyde)

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25
Q

This preservative is good for drug
analyses but Inhibits reagent strip tests for glucose, blood, and leukocytes

A

Sodium fluoride

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26
Q

BD means?

A

Becton, Dickinson, from: Rutherford, NJ

used for: Urine Collection Kits
which contain: collection cup, transfer straw, culture and sensitivity (C&S) preservative
tube, or UA tube

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27
Q

Specimen stable at room temperature (RT) for 48 hours:

A

Light gray and gray C&S tube

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28
Q

Specimen stable at room temperature (RT) for 72 hours:

A

Cherry red/yellow Preservative Plus tube

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29
Q

preservative used on automated instruments

A

Yellow UA Plus tube

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30
Q

what preservatives are in the Cherry red/yellow Preservative Plus tube

A

Preservatives are:

  1. sodium propionate
  2. ethyl paraben
  3. chlorhexidine
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31
Q

what preservatives are in the Light gray and gray C&S tube

A

Preservatives are:

  1. boric acid,
  2. sodium borate
  3. sodium formate
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32
Q

What type of specimen is/are needed for ROUTINE SCREENING?

A
  1. Random
  2. First morning
  3. Midstream clean-catch
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33
Q

What type of specimen is/are needed for BACTERIAL CULTURE?

A
  1. Catheterized
  2. Midstream clean-catch
  3. Suprapubic aspiration
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34
Q

The _____________ specimen may be collected at ANY TIME, but the actual time of voiding should be recorded on the container.

A

Random Specimen

35
Q

the IDEAL screening specimen; also essential for preventing false-negative PREGNANCY TEST and for evaluating ORTHOSTATIC PROTEINURIA

A

First Morning Specimen

36
Q

a CONCENTRATED specimen, thereby assuring the detection of chemicals and formed elements that MAY NOT BE present in a dilute random specimen.

A

first morning specimen

37
Q

The type of specimen which measures the exact amount of a urine chemical is often necessary

A

24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen

38
Q

Many solutes exhibit diurnal variations in 24-Hour (or Timed) Specimen such as:

A
  1. catecholamines
  2. 17-hydroxysteroids
  3. electrolytes

low concentration: morning
high concentration: afternoon

39
Q

To obtain an accurately timed specimen, the patient must begin and end the collection period with what

A

an empty bladder

40
Q

Common Errors Associated With Timed
Urine Collections:

A
  • Loss of urine specimen
  • Inclusion of two first morning specimens
  • Inaccurate measurement of total urine volume
  • Inadequate urine preservation
  • Transcription error
41
Q

This specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder.

A

Catheterized Specimen

42
Q

this type of specimen collection provides a safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis. It is less contaminated by epithelial cells and bacteria

A

Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen

43
Q

what are strong bacterial agents that should not be used as cleansing agents?

A
  1. hexachlorophene
  2. povidone-iodine
44
Q

Occasionally urine may be collected by the external introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder. It provides a specimen for a bacterial culture that is completely free of extraneous contamination, particularly in INFANTS or CHILDREN. Can also be used for CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION.

A

Suprapubic Aspiration

45
Q

1st urine - sterile container
2nd urine - midstream clean catch
3rd urine - prostate is massaged so that prostate fluid will be passed with the remaining urine

A

Three-Glass Collection - Prostatitis Specimen

NOTE: 3rd specimen will have a white blood cell/high power field count;
bacterial count: 3rd urine > 1st urine (10x more)
ALSO: The 2nd specimen = control (for bladder and kidney infection)

46
Q

The traditional four-glass urine collection technique, as described by?

A

Meares and Stamey

Type of specimen: Stamey-Meares Test for Prostatitis

47
Q

what is tested for by the VB1 and the VB2?

A

VB1 = Urethral infection or inflammation

VB2 = urinary bladder infection

48
Q

the process that provides this documentation of proper specimen identification from the time of collection
to the receipt of laboratory results. A standardized form that must document and accompany every step of drug testing, from collector to courier to laboratory to
medical review officer to employer.

A

chain of custody (COC)

49
Q

The temperature for urine should read within the range of?

A

32.5°C to 37.7°C

50
Q

A urine pH of greater than 9 suggests?

A

adulteration of the urine specimen

51
Q

A specific gravity of less than 1.005 could indicate?

A

dilution of the urine specimen and requires re-collection.

52
Q

ideal volume of urine collection:

A

30-45 mL of urine

53
Q

The primary inorganic substance found in urine is:

A

Chloride

54
Q

An unidentified fluid is received in the laboratory with a request to determine whether the fluid is urine or another body fluid. Using routine laboratory tests, which substances would determine that the fluid is most probably urine?

A

Urea and creatinine

55
Q

The average daily output of urine is:

A

1200 mL

56
Q

A patient presenting with polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia, and a low urine specific gravity is exhibiting symptoms of:

A

Diabetes insipidus

57
Q

A patient with oliguria might progress to having:

A

Anuria

58
Q

All of the following are characteristics of recommended urine containers except:

A. A flat bottom
B. A capacity of 50 mL
C. A snap-on lid
D. Are disposable

A

C. A snap-on lid

59
Q

Labels for urine containers are:

A. Attached to the container
B. Attached to the lid
C. Placed on the container before collection
D. Not detachable

A

C. Placed on the container before collection

60
Q

A urine specimen may be rejected by the laboratory for all of the following reasons except for the fact:

A. Requisition form states the specimen is catheterized
B. Specimen contains toilet paper
C. Label and requisition form do not match
D. Outside of the container has contamination from fecal
material

A

A. Requisition form states the specimen is catheterized

61
Q

A cloudy specimen received in the laboratory may have been preserved using:

A

Refrigeration

dIBA MAY PRECIPITATIONS

62
Q

For general screening, the specimen collected most frequently is a:

A

Random one

63
Q

The primary advantage of a first-morning specimen over a random specimen is that it:

A

Is more concentrated

64
Q

If a routine urinalysis and a culture are requested on a catheterized specimen, then:

A

The culture is performed first

65
Q

If a patient fails to discard the first specimen when collecting a timed specimen, then the results would be:

A

Results will be falsely elevated and specimen must be re-collected

66
Q

The primary cause of unsatisfactory results in an unpreserved routine specimen not tested for 8 hours is:

A

Bacterial growth

67
Q

Prolonged exposure of a preserved urine specimen to light will cause:

A

Decreased bilirubin

68
Q

Which of the following would be least affected in a specimen that has remained unpreserved at room temperature for more than 2 hours

A

Protein

69
Q

Bacterial growth in an unpreserved specimen will:

A

Decrease clarity

70
Q

The most sterile specimen collected is a:

A

Suprapubic aspiration

71
Q

Which of the following would not be given to a patient before the collection of a midstream clean-catch specimen?

A

Iodine cleanser

72
Q

Urine specimen collection for drug testing requires the collector to do all of the following except:

A. Inspect the specimen color
B. Perform reagent strip testing
C. Read the specimen temperature
D. Fill out a chain-of-custody form

A

Perform reagent strip testing

73
Q

major body constituent

A

water

74
Q

urine composition has ___% water and ___% solutes

A

95% water
5% solutes

75
Q

what is the major organic solid component?

A

urea (56%)

76
Q

what is the major inorganic solid component?

A

chloride (14%)

77
Q

urine composition can vary depending on:

A
  1. dietary intake
  2. physical activity
  3. body metabolism
  4. endocrine functions
78
Q

urine volume is determined by:

A

the state of hydration

79
Q

normal daily urine output:

A

1,200-1,500 mL/day

80
Q

what urine volume can be considered normal?

A

600-2,000 mL/day

81
Q

↓ daily urine volume?

A

OLIGURIA

82
Q

↑ daily urine volume?

A

POLYURIA

83
Q

complete cessation of urine flow?

A

ANURIA

84
Q

↑ nocturnal secretion of urine

A

NOCTURIA

AUBF (5 decks)

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