Physical Examination Flashcards
The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by which of the following?
A. Color
B. Clarity
C. Foam
D. Odor
A. Color
The normal yellow color of urine is produced by:
Urochrome
The presence of bilirubin in a urine specimen produces a:
Yellow foam when shaken
A urine specimen containing melanin will appear:
black
Microscopic examination of clear urine that produces a white precipitate after refrigeration will show:
Amorphous phosphates
The color of urine containing porphyrins will be:
Port wine
Which of the following specific gravities would be most likely to correlate with urine that is pale yellow?
A. 1.005
B. 1.010
C. 1.020
D. 1.030
A. 1.005
A urine specific gravity measured by a refractometer is 1.029, and the temperature of the urine is 14°C. The specific gravity should be reported as:
1.029
Specimens that contain hemoglobin can be visually distinguished from those that contain RBCs because:
RBCs produce a cloudy red specimen
A patient with a viscous orange specimen may have been:
Treated for a urinary tract infection
The presence of a pink precipitate in a refrigerated specimen is caused by:
Uroerythrin
The principle of refractive index is to compare:
Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions
A correlation exists between a specific gravity by a refractometer of 1.050 and a:
Radiographic dye infusion
The physical examination of urine includes the determination
of the
urine color, clarity, and specific gravity
A cloudy urine specimen turns black upon standing and has a specific gravity of 1.012. The major concern about this specimen would be:
Color
A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.035 would be considered:
Hypersthenuric
A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.001 would be considered:
Not urine
A strong odor of ammonia in a urine specimen could indicate:
An old specimen
The microscopic examination of clear red urine is reported as many WBCs and epithelial cells. What does this suggest?
Possible mix-up of specimen and sediment
Which of the following colligative properties is not stated correctly?
A. The boiling point is raised by solute
B. The freezing point is raised by solute
C. The vapor pressure is lowered by solute
D. The osmotic pressure is raised by solute
B. The freezing point is raised by solute
An osmole contains:
One gram molecular weight of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent
The unit of osmolality measured in the clinical laboratory is the:
A. Osmole
In the reagent strip specific gravity reaction, the polyelectrolyte:
B. Releases hydrogen ions in response to ion
concentration
Which of the following would contribute the most to urine osmolality?
A. One osmole of glucose
B. One osmole of urea
C. One osmole of sodium chloride
D. All contribute equally
One osmole of sodium chloride
Which of the following will react in the reagent strip specific gravity test?
A. Glucose
B. Radiographic dye
C. Protein
D. Chloride
Chloride
Measurement of specific gravity aids in the evaluation of:
renal tubular function
Yellow-green color of urine is due to:
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
Common descriptions of normal urine include:
pale yellow, yellow, and dark yellow.
The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which…
who named it?
what is the name of the yellow pigment?
what year did he name it?
who named it: THUDICHUM
what is the name of the yellow pigment? UROCHROME
what year did he name it? 1864
a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions, the body produces it at a constant rate.
Urochrome
A diluted urine will be (urine color?)
pale yellow
A concentrated specimen will be (urine color?)
dark yellow
The presence of uroerythrin (pink/orange pigment) is most evident in:
specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates in acid urine.
_____ an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.
Urobilin
a large amount of white foam indicates:
an increased concentration of protein
urine specimen that contains bilirubin also may contain
hepatitis virus
Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a yellow-green color to the urine caused by the presence of
biliverdin
Also frequently encountered in the urinalysis laboratory is the yellow-orange specimen caused by the administration of (drug)
phenazopyridine (produce a yellow foam when shaken) or azo-gantrisin
compounds (people with UTI)
Other medications that can cause orange-colored urine include the:
anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), some laxatives, and certain chemotherapy drugs
Red blood cells (RBCs) remaining in acidic urine for several hours cause the urine to
turn brown
BC!!!!! oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.
RBC in brown-colored urine:
several hours:
fresh urine:
several hours: oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin
fresh: glomerular bleeding (same oxidation process)
RED and CLOUDY urine
intact RBCs
Hematuria
RED and CLEAR urine
lysed RBCs
Hemoglobinuria
difference between hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria:
Hemoglobinuria resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBCs is accompanied by red plasma.
Myoglobinuria frequently exhibits a more reddish-brown color
Hemoglobinuria = red plasma
Myoglobinuria = clear plasma
BUT BOTH of them are RED and CLEAR urine
Urine specimens containing porphyrins also may appear
RED because of the: oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins
PORT WINE = color
RED urine (with food ingestion:)
alkaline urine =
acidic urine =
alkaline urine = fresh beets
acidic urine = blackberries
RED urine (medications)
- rifampin
- phenolphthalein
- phenindione
- phenothiazines
BLACK urine would mean there may contain melanin. Melanin is an oxidation product ni melanogen (colorless pigment) and makita siya if may excess malignant melanoma
MELANURIA is because of?
korek
Melanuria = urine that stays for a long period of time
Homogentisic acid, a metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from patients with the inborn error of metabolism
ALKAPTONURIA is because of?
Alkaptonuria = urine is exposed to air
BLACK urine (medications)
- antimalarial drugs
- chloroquine and primaquine
- levodopa
- methyldopa
- phenol derivatives
- antibiotics metronidazole
- nitrofurantoin - laxatives containing cascara or senna
- muscle relaxant
- methocarbamol
COCA-COLA-like urine is associated with:
acute glomerulonephritis and S. pyogenes (renal bleeding)
A purple staining in catheter bags caused by indican in the urine or bacterial infection, frequently caused by what species
Klebsiella or Providencia species
refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen
Clarity
Common terminology used to report clarity includes:
clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky
Precipitation of ___________ and __________ may cause white cloudiness in an alkaline urine
amorphous phosphates and carbonates
specimens from women can result in urine that is hazy but normal is because there is a presence of:
The presence of squamous epithelial cells and mucus
amorphous urates produce a precipitate in:
acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust due to the presence of uroerythrin.
Nonpathological Causes of Urine Turbidity:
- Squamous epithelial cells
- Mucus
- Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
- Semen, spermatozoa
- Fecal contamination
- Radiographic contrast media
- Talcum powder
- Vaginal creams
Pathological Causes of Urine Turbidity:
- RBCs
- WBCs
- Bacteria
- Yeast
- Trichomonads
- Nonsquamous epithelial cells
- Abnormal crystals
- Lymph fluid
- Lipids
specific gravity: isosthenuric
specific gravity of 1.010
specific gravity: hyposthenuric
below 1.010
specific gravity: hypersthenuric
above 1.010
normal odor of urine:
faintly aromatic
mousy odor:
Phenylketonuria
bleach odor:
Contamination
Foul, ammonialike odor:
Bacterial decomposition or UTI
Fruity, sweet odor:
Ketones (diabetes mellitus,
starvation, vomiting)
