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AUBF > Physical Examination > Flashcards

Physical Examination Flashcards

1
Q

The concentration of a normal urine specimen can be estimated by which of the following?

A. Color
B. Clarity
C. Foam
D. Odor

A

A. Color

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2
Q

The normal yellow color of urine is produced by:

A

Urochrome

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3
Q

The presence of bilirubin in a urine specimen produces a:

A

Yellow foam when shaken

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4
Q

A urine specimen containing melanin will appear:

A

black

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5
Q

Microscopic examination of clear urine that produces a white precipitate after refrigeration will show:

A

Amorphous phosphates

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6
Q

The color of urine containing porphyrins will be:

A

Port wine

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7
Q

Which of the following specific gravities would be most likely to correlate with urine that is pale yellow?

A. 1.005
B. 1.010
C. 1.020
D. 1.030

A

A. 1.005

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8
Q

A urine specific gravity measured by a refractometer is 1.029, and the temperature of the urine is 14°C. The specific gravity should be reported as:

A

1.029

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9
Q

Specimens that contain hemoglobin can be visually distinguished from those that contain RBCs because:

A

RBCs produce a cloudy red specimen

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10
Q

A patient with a viscous orange specimen may have been:

A

Treated for a urinary tract infection

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11
Q

The presence of a pink precipitate in a refrigerated specimen is caused by:

A

Uroerythrin

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12
Q

The principle of refractive index is to compare:

A

Light velocity in air with light velocity in solutions

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13
Q

A correlation exists between a specific gravity by a refractometer of 1.050 and a:

A

Radiographic dye infusion

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14
Q

The physical examination of urine includes the determination
of the

A

urine color, clarity, and specific gravity

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15
Q

A cloudy urine specimen turns black upon standing and has a specific gravity of 1.012. The major concern about this specimen would be:

A

Color

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16
Q

A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.035 would be considered:

A

Hypersthenuric

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17
Q

A specimen with a specific gravity of 1.001 would be considered:

A

Not urine

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18
Q

A strong odor of ammonia in a urine specimen could indicate:

A

An old specimen

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19
Q

The microscopic examination of clear red urine is reported as many WBCs and epithelial cells. What does this suggest?

A

Possible mix-up of specimen and sediment

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20
Q

Which of the following colligative properties is not stated correctly?

A. The boiling point is raised by solute
B. The freezing point is raised by solute
C. The vapor pressure is lowered by solute
D. The osmotic pressure is raised by solute

A

B. The freezing point is raised by solute

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21
Q

An osmole contains:

A

One gram molecular weight of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent

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22
Q

The unit of osmolality measured in the clinical laboratory is the:

A

A. Osmole

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23
Q

In the reagent strip specific gravity reaction, the polyelectrolyte:

A

B. Releases hydrogen ions in response to ion
concentration

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24
Q

Which of the following would contribute the most to urine osmolality?

A. One osmole of glucose
B. One osmole of urea
C. One osmole of sodium chloride
D. All contribute equally

A

One osmole of sodium chloride

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25
Q

Which of the following will react in the reagent strip specific gravity test?

A. Glucose
B. Radiographic dye
C. Protein
D. Chloride

A

Chloride

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26
Q

Measurement of specific gravity aids in the evaluation of:

A

renal tubular function

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27
Q

Yellow-green color of urine is due to:

A

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

28
Q

Common descriptions of normal urine include:

A

pale yellow, yellow, and dark yellow.

29
Q

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment, which…

who named it?
what is the name of the yellow pigment?
what year did he name it?

A

who named it: THUDICHUM
what is the name of the yellow pigment? UROCHROME
what year did he name it? 1864

30
Q

a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions, the body produces it at a constant rate.

A

Urochrome

31
Q

A diluted urine will be (urine color?)

A

pale yellow

32
Q

A concentrated specimen will be (urine color?)

A

dark yellow

33
Q

The presence of uroerythrin (pink/orange pigment) is most evident in:

A

specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates in acid urine.

34
Q

_____ an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh.

A

Urobilin

35
Q

a large amount of white foam indicates:

A

an increased concentration of protein

36
Q

urine specimen that contains bilirubin also may contain

A

hepatitis virus

37
Q

Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a yellow-green color to the urine caused by the presence of

A

biliverdin

38
Q

Also frequently encountered in the urinalysis laboratory is the yellow-orange specimen caused by the administration of (drug)

A

phenazopyridine (produce a yellow foam when shaken) or azo-gantrisin
compounds (people with UTI)

39
Q

Other medications that can cause orange-colored urine include the:

A

anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), some laxatives, and certain chemotherapy drugs

40
Q

Red blood cells (RBCs) remaining in acidic urine for several hours cause the urine to

A

turn brown

BC!!!!! oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

41
Q

RBC in brown-colored urine:

several hours:

fresh urine:

A

several hours: oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin

fresh: glomerular bleeding (same oxidation process)

42
Q

RED and CLOUDY urine
intact RBCs

A

Hematuria

43
Q

RED and CLEAR urine
lysed RBCs

A

Hemoglobinuria

44
Q

difference between hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria:

A

Hemoglobinuria resulting from the in vivo breakdown of RBCs is accompanied by red plasma.

Myoglobinuria frequently exhibits a more reddish-brown color

Hemoglobinuria = red plasma
Myoglobinuria = clear plasma

BUT BOTH of them are RED and CLEAR urine

45
Q

Urine specimens containing porphyrins also may appear

A

RED because of the: oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins

PORT WINE = color

46
Q

RED urine (with food ingestion:)

alkaline urine =
acidic urine =

A

alkaline urine = fresh beets
acidic urine = blackberries

47
Q

RED urine (medications)

A
  1. rifampin
  2. phenolphthalein
  3. phenindione
  4. phenothiazines
48
Q

BLACK urine would mean there may contain melanin. Melanin is an oxidation product ni melanogen (colorless pigment) and makita siya if may excess malignant melanoma

MELANURIA is because of?

A

korek

Melanuria = urine that stays for a long period of time

49
Q

Homogentisic acid, a metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from patients with the inborn error of metabolism

ALKAPTONURIA is because of?

A

Alkaptonuria = urine is exposed to air

50
Q

BLACK urine (medications)

A
  1. antimalarial drugs
    - chloroquine and primaquine
    - levodopa
    - methyldopa
    - phenol derivatives
    - antibiotics metronidazole
    - nitrofurantoin
  2. laxatives containing cascara or senna
  3. muscle relaxant
    - methocarbamol
51
Q

COCA-COLA-like urine is associated with:

A

acute glomerulonephritis and S. pyogenes (renal bleeding)

52
Q

A purple staining in catheter bags caused by indican in the urine or bacterial infection, frequently caused by what species

A

Klebsiella or Providencia species

53
Q

refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen

A

Clarity

54
Q

Common terminology used to report clarity includes:

A

clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky

55
Q

Precipitation of ___________ and __________ may cause white cloudiness in an alkaline urine

A

amorphous phosphates and carbonates

56
Q

specimens from women can result in urine that is hazy but normal is because there is a presence of:

A

The presence of squamous epithelial cells and mucus

57
Q

amorphous urates produce a precipitate in:

A

acidic urine that resembles pink brick dust due to the presence of uroerythrin.

58
Q

Nonpathological Causes of Urine Turbidity:

A
  1. Squamous epithelial cells
  2. Mucus
  3. Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
  4. Semen, spermatozoa
  5. Fecal contamination
  6. Radiographic contrast media
  7. Talcum powder
  8. Vaginal creams
59
Q

Pathological Causes of Urine Turbidity:

A
  1. RBCs
  2. WBCs
  3. Bacteria
  4. Yeast
  5. Trichomonads
  6. Nonsquamous epithelial cells
  7. Abnormal crystals
  8. Lymph fluid
  9. Lipids
60
Q

specific gravity: isosthenuric

A

specific gravity of 1.010

61
Q

specific gravity: hyposthenuric

A

below 1.010

62
Q

specific gravity: hypersthenuric

A

above 1.010

63
Q

normal odor of urine:

A

faintly aromatic

64
Q

mousy odor:

A

Phenylketonuria

65
Q

bleach odor:

A

Contamination

66
Q

Foul, ammonialike odor:

A

Bacterial decomposition or UTI

67
Q

Fruity, sweet odor:

A

Ketones (diabetes mellitus,
starvation, vomiting)

AUBF (5 decks)

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