urine diagnosis and kidney failure

Question 1

what are MA

Answer 1

• AB from a single clone of cells

- produced to target particular cells/chemicals in the body

Question 2

stages of a pregnancy test

Answer 2

• wick is soaked in the first urine of the morning
• highest levels of hCG
• small coloured beads on mobile MA bind to hCG
• if woman is pregnant hCG will bind
• hCG/antibody complex formed
• urine diffuses up to first window
• immobilised MA are arranged in a line/shape
• the immobilised MA only bind to the complex
• if preg, coloured line appears in first window
• urine diffuses up to second window
• line of immobilised MA that only bind to MA regardless if bound to hCG or not
• line forms to show test is working

Question 3

why are urine samples easy for diagnostic tests

Answer 3

• east to get
• non-invasive
• urine contains metabolites/drugs excreted by the kidney so can show up some time after drug use but are removed rapidly from the blood.

Question 4

urine and anabolic steroids

Answer 4

• urine tested using gas chromatography + mass spec
• urine sample is vaporized with a known solvent and passed along a tube
• lining of tube absorbs gases
• gases are analysed - chromatogram
• read to show the presence of drugs.

Question 5

urine and drug testing

Answer 5

• urine sample provided
• sample divided into 2
• first sample tested by an immunoassay - MA bind to drug/breakdown product
• if positive second test is run by gas chromatograph/mass spec
• confirms presence of drug
• 2 samples allow for a confirmation to be done using a diff technique (mass spec/chromo) and confirm the initial findings.
• The second test can also be taken at the same time.

Question 6

effects of kidney with high blood pressure

Answer 6

• protein in urine - if BM is damaged they wont act as filters and large molecules will pass through into the urine
• blood in the urine - filtering stops working

Question 7

effects of kidney failure

Answer 7

• toxic urea will build up if the kidneys fail and poison cells.
• increase blood pressure which can lead to heart problems/strokes.
• weak bones as Ca2+/phosphorus balance in blood is lost
• anaemia - kidney failure can reduce production of RBC causing tiredness and lethargy
• loss of electrolyte balance : body cant excrete excess Na/K/Cl = causes osmotic imbalances in the tissues leading to death.

Question 8

glomerular filtration rate in kidney disease

Answer 8

• GFR used to indicate kidney disease
• blood test measures creatinine levels in the blood
• creatinine is the breakdown product of the muscles
• gives an estimate of GFR
• cm3/min
• if levels go up = kidneys aren’t working properly
• factors: GFR decreases with age. Men have more muscle mass so more creatinine in women.

Question 9

two ways in which kidney failure is treated

Answer 9

• renal dialysis : artificially functioning kidneys (haemodialysis and peritoneal)
• transplant : new healthy kidney inserted into body.

Question 10

haemodialysis

Answer 10

• blood leaves from an artery into machine
• anti clotting chemicals added
• flows into machine
• passes between semiperm membrane surrounded by dialysis
• fluid flowing in opp direction to blood
• excess mineral ions and urea diffuse out of blood down CG into fluid
• blood returned to patient through vein.

Question 11

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 11

• done inside the body
• uses the natural dialysis membranes by the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum)
• done at home
• patient can carry on with normal activities whilst taking place
• dialysis fluid into abdomen using catheter
• left for several hours
• excess mineral ions diffuse out of capillaries into TF across peritoneal membrane into the dialysis fluid.
• fluid drained + discarded
• blood balanced again
• urea + excess minerals removed.

Question 12

transplant

Answer 12

• blood vessel are joined
• ureter of new kidney inserted into bladder.
• risk of rejection
• antigens on donor organ differ from antigens on recipient cells
• to reduce risk , match as close as possible - similar ‘tissue type’
• immunorepresent drugs can suppress immune response preventing rejection
• IR drugs can prevents patients from responding to infectious disease
• don’t last forever (9-10 years)

Question 13

dialysis or transplant?

Answer 13

• D more readily available
• D : patients have to monitor their diets and need regular machine sessions
• long term D is more expensive and can cause damage to body
• transplant : free from restrictions (diet and sessions)
• shortage of donor kidneys