respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

glycolysis

A
  • in the cytoplasm of the cell
  • anaerobic process
  • phosphorylation : 2P from ATP attach to glucose
  • forms hexose bisphosphate
  • lysis : destabilises mol
  • splits into 2x triose phosphates
  • P (from free inorganic P ions) added to each triose
  • forms 2x triose bisphosphate
  • triose bisphosphate oxidised by dehydrogenation (removal of H atoms)
  • 4x ATP formed using P from TBP
  • forms 2x pyruvate
  • NAD coenzymes accept removed H atoms
  • forming 2x reduced NAD
  • net yield : 2 ATP mol
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2
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A
  • formation of ATP
  • without involvement of ETC
  • formed by transfer of a P group to ADP
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3
Q

the link reaction

A
  • pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
  • active transport
  • via specific carrier proteins
  • pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation - CO2 + H ​removed
  • H accepted by NAD
  • reduced to form NADH
  • 2c acetyl groups bound to coenzyme A
  • forms acetyl CoA
  • acetyl CoA delivers the acetyl group to the next stage = krebs cycle
  • CO2 produced diffuse/removal of metabolic waste/photosynthesis
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4
Q

krebs cycle

A
  • mitochondrial matrix
  • acetyl CoA delivers acetyl group to krebs cycle
  • 2c acetyl combines with 4c oxaloacetate
  • forms 6c citrate
  • citrate = decarboxylation + dehydrogenation
  • forms reduced NAD + CO2
  • forms 5c compound
  • 5c= decarboxylation + dehydrogenation
  • regenerates oxaloacetate
  • ATP from substrate level phosphorylation
  • cycle continues
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5
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A
  • inner mitochondrial membrane
  • membrane folded = cristae = inc SA = max resp
  • H released from reduced NAD/FAD when oxidised
  • H dissociate into H+ +e-
  • e- into ETC
  • energy released pumps H+ from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space
  • H+ move down ECG back into MM via ATP synthase
  • energy released synthesises ATP
  • at end of ETC, 2(e-) + 2(H+) + (1/2O2) = water
  • O2 = final electron acceptor
  • ETC can’t operate unless O2 present
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6
Q

net products for one mol of pyruvate in krebs cycle

A

3xR NAD
1x R FAD
2x CO2
1x ATP

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7
Q

fermentation

A
  • anaerobic
  • no O2
  • substrate level phosphorylation
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8
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A
  • ethanol + CO2
  • in yeast and some plant root cells ^
  • pyruvate converted into ethanal
  • catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase
  • ethanal accepts H from RNAD
  • ethanol
  • regenerated NAD still a Co
  • glycolysis continues
  • ethanol toxic waste product
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9
Q

lactate fermentation in mammals

A
  • produces lactate
  • pyruvate can take H from RNAD
  • catalysed by lactate dehydrogenase
  • pyruvate converted to lactic acid
  • regenerated NAD allowing glycolysis to continue
  • LA converted back to glucose in the liver but O2 is needed
  • can cause O2 debt
  • LA removed from muscles and to the liver in bloodstream
  • lactic acid recycled as glucose
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10
Q

carb, protein , lipid RQ

A

carb : 1.0
proteins : 0.9
lipid : 0.7

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11
Q

RQ

A

co2 released / O2 taken in

- measured using respirometer

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