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Chemical Pathology > Urine,CSF, Other Fluids > Flashcards

Urine,CSF, Other Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

The bladder must be emptied first in

A

morning urine specimen

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2
Q

In a random urine specimen

A

There is a single collection of urine specimen that day at any period of time

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3
Q

In a fasting specimen

A

The urine is collected more than 4hrs after ingestion of food and water.

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4
Q

Specimen of urine passed during defaecation must be included in a

A

24hr urine sample

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5
Q

Urinalysis is useful for screening

A 
UTI
Kidney disease 
Liver disease with bilirubinuria
Pregnancy
Drug screening 
Diabetes mellitus
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6
Q

Volume of urine per hr

A

1-2 liters

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7
Q

Yellow colour of urine is due to

A

Urobilin, Urochrome ,porphyrins

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8
Q

When normal urine is left to stand a _ may form if urine is alkaline and _ if urine is highly acidic

A

White phosphate

Pink Uric acid

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9
Q

Normal PH of urine is between

A

4.5-8.0

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10
Q

Urine osmolality is used in determining

A

Concentration capabilities of Renal tubules

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11
Q

Range of specific gravity of urine

A

1.010-1.020

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12
Q

Polyuria
Oligouria
Anuria

A
  1. Seen in diabetes mellitus and insipidus, volume greater than 3.0L in adults and 2.0L/m2 in children
  2. Urine volume less than 400ml per day. Due to reduced RBF and or GFR. Seen in acute tubular necrosis, Dehydration
  3. Anuria:- output less than 100ml per day. Due to severe damage to renal tubules
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13
Q

Cloudy urine colour is associated with

A

Bacteria and pus cells

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14
Q

Red and cloudy urine

A

Hematuria

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15
Q

Brown and cloudy ruins suggests

A

Hemoglobinuria

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16
Q

Yellowish brown / greenish brown urine is suggestive of

A

Urine that contains bile pigments

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17
Q

Urine that is milky white contains

A

Chyme

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18
Q

Nitrite test

A

Used to confirm that bacteria which reduces urinary nitrate to nitrite is present

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19
Q

CSF fluid is produced in adults at a rate of

A

20ml/hr

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20
Q

A volume of what CSF is maintained in the Sub Arachnoid space

A

90-150ml

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21
Q

CSF composition has the same composition as the blood. T/F

A

False

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22
Q

Function of analysis of CSF fluid

A
  • To confirm diagnosis of viral, fungi or bacteria meningitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Evaluation for intracranial haemorrhage
  • SAH
  • spinal canal block leading to increased ICP
  • diagnosing malignant infiltrates like lymphoma and acute leukemia
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23
Q

Lumbar puncture is done between

A

3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae

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24
Q

Opening pressure above 250mmHg is suggestive of an

A

Intracranial hypertension

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25
Q

Elevated intracranial hypertension is seen in

A

Meningitis
Intracranial haemorrhage
Tumors

26
Q

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is seen in

A

Obese women during their childbearing years

27
Q

Macroscopic appearance of CSF is

A

Clear and colourless

28
Q

CSF is usually acellular. T/F

A 5 mononuclear WBC/ul and 5 RBC/ul in adults while 20 WBC/ul in newborns is normal. T/F

A

True

True

29
Q

A turbid CSF is indicative of

A

WBC»200/ul
RBC»400/ul
Increased proteins
Increased microorganisms

30
Q

Bloody CSF is indicative of

A

Traumatic tap
Hypertensive intracerebral haemorrhage into ventricles
Rupture of berry aneurysm into sub-arachnoid space.
Bleeding from vascular malformations
»6000rbcs/uL

31
Q

Delicate clots resembling a cobweb(pellicle) is seen in

A

Tuberculous meningitis

32
Q

Increased protein level is seen in what type of meningitis

A

Pyogenic

33
Q

Fibrin clot is seen in

A

Traumatic taps

34
Q

Xanthochromic CSF has what colourations

A

Yellow, Orange, or pink

35
Q

Xanthochromia is caused by

A

Breakdown of RBC forming haemoglobin which is broken down to form, oxyhaemoglobin(pink colour), methemoglobin and Bilirubin(yellow)

36
Q

Yellow CSF supernatant is pathological for

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

37
Q

Brown CSF is seen in

A

Meningeal melanomatosis

38
Q

Discolouration of CSF begins after RBC has been in been in CSF for

A

> > 2hrs

39
Q

Eighty seven percent of patients with Bacteria meningitis have a WBC count higher than

A

1000 per mm3

40
Q

99% of patients with bacterial

meningitis will have WBC higher than

A

100 per mm3

41
Q

Having less than 100WBC per mm3 is seen in patients with

A

viral meningitis

42
Q

CSF in bacterial meningitis is typically dominated by the presence of

A

PMNs

43
Q

WBC count in adult is typically composed of

A

70% lymphocytes

30% monocytes

44
Q

One of the most sensitive indicators of pathology in the CNS is

A

CSF protein concentration

45
Q

Newborn protein level

A

150mg/dL

46
Q

Adult protein level and time it is attained

A

15-45mg/dL at 6-12 months

47
Q

Pathological cause of elevated CSF protein

A

Increased BBB permeability(infection)

Multiple sclerosis

Gillian Barre syndrome

Obstruction from tumour

Froin’s syndrome

Intracranial haemorrhage

Traumatic trap situations( due to increased RBC)

48
Q

CSF protein level falls in hypoproteinemia.

A

False- it remains unchanged

49
Q

CSF protein levels reduces in

A

Intracranial hypertension
Acute water intoxication
Loss of CSF(leak)

50
Q

What is a major component of myelin

A

Myelin basic protein

51
Q

IgG increase is see in what disease

A

MS

52
Q

CSF values of what protein is useful in diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease from other dementia

A

Tau’s protein

53
Q

CSF glucose is about what the value of serum’s

A

Half to two-third

54
Q

CSF glucose is reduced in all infections except

A

Viral

55
Q

CSF normal lactate values

A

11-22mg/dL

56
Q

Lactate values is increased in

A

Hypoxia
Bacteria meningitis
Epilepsy
Xanthochromia

57
Q

Polymerase chain reaction is seen in

A

Viral and tuberculos meningitis

58
Q

Pleura fluid accumulates when

A

Decreased removal due to decreased pleural pressure like bronchial obstruction or impaired lymphatic drainage

Increased production in hypoproteinemia

Increased capillary vessel permeability(infection)

Increased hydrostatic pressure in cardiac failure

59
Q

Trans USA tube and exudative pleural effusions is differentiated by measuring

A

Lactate dehydrogenase and protein level

60
Q

Aetioligical cause of Ascitic fluid increase is

A

Liver cirrhosis- 75%
Malignancies- 10%
Cardiac failure- 5%
Remaining-10%

61
Q

Diagnosis of Ascitis due to portal hypertension is by

A

SAAG-Serum Ascitis Albumin gradient

Chemical Pathology (6 decks)

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