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Soft Tissue SX- Final > Urinary tract sx > Flashcards

Urinary tract sx Flashcards

1
Q

What are risk factors for urolithiasis in ruminants?

A

Male castrated with high concentrate diet

Others include reduced h2o intake &obesity

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2
Q

What are common sites of urethral obstructions in goats?

A

Urethral process

Distal sigmoid flexure

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3
Q

What are common sites of urethral obstructions in cattle & pigs?

A

Distal sigmoid flexure (penis)

Near attachment of retractor penis

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4
Q

What are consequences of prolonged urethral obstruction?

A

Hyperkalemia, azotemia, ruptured urethra and ruptured bladder

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5
Q

Why is bad to feed high grain low forage diet to ruminants?

A

Less rumination- so less salivation
Increased phosphorous in urine
- normally phosphorous is secreted in saliva then excreted in feces

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6
Q

Why is castration a risk factor for urolithiasis?

A

Early castration results in reduced testosterone- responsible for urethral enlargement

I.e. castration by banding (1-30days)

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7
Q

CS of ruptured bladder/ urethra

A

CS of pain stop
Neurologic deficit
Swelling of ventral abdomen (urethra)

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8
Q

To diagnose a urolithiasis a CT is required?

A

No, can help ID obstruction location & only requires sedation

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9
Q

Urolithiasis initial therapy

A

-Exteriorize penis & remove urethral process (goat)

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10
Q

What is an anatomical challenge in goats for urolithiasis therapy?

A

Urethral diverticulum

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11
Q

What are urinary acidifiers and why would this work?

A

Oral ammonium chloride (unpalatable/preventative)

Walpoles directly into bladder ( irritating)

Alkaline urine promotes stone formation- MAP, calcium carbonate

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12
Q

What is the general recommendation to induce anesthesia with hyperkalemia?

A

<6.0 meq/L + ECG monitoring and frequent blood gases

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13
Q

What is the best urolithiasis surgery for a goat?

A

Tube cystostomy

  • diverts urine and rests the urethra ( removes stone before tube placement)
  • temp procedure
  • incorporate diet change!
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14
Q

You were unable to pass a catheter normograde and retrograde in a goat during tube cystostomy- whats next?

A

Perform a PU to remove obstruction

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15
Q

When is a perineal urethrotomy normally done?

A

Pet goat- with tube cystotomy
Production- salvage procedure ( until slaughter)

Removed stone directly from urethra but not bladder!

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16
Q

What is bladder marsupialization?

A

Permanent solution after failed tube cystostomy

- not recommended for young or breeding goats b/c urine scalding, bladder prolapse etc.

17
Q

What is a perineal urethrostomy?

A

Permanent opening in urethra

- salvage procedure in ruminants with high stricture rate

18
Q

How to prevent urolithiasis?

A
  • Dont feed grain concentrate
  • Ca:P (1:1 or 2:1)
  • Avoid alfalfa & legumes
  • Add salt to increase H20 intake
  • Urinary acidifers
19
Q

Urolithiasis in horses- location & type

A

Males
Along bladder neck
Calcium carbonate stones
- urethral obstruction is less likely in horses than ruminants

20
Q

Its easy to reach the adult horse bladder? T/F

A

False it is located far into pelvic cavity

21
Q

How do you prevent recurrent urolithiasis in horses?

A

Urine acidification is not easily accomplished

Avoid legumes& calcium supplements
Salt in diet- increase water intake
Access to grass

22
Q

Patent urachus tx

A

Neglect, medical (silver nitrate cautery & abx) & sx (umbilical resection or cystoplasty)

23
Q

When should you go to surgery for a patent urachus?

A

No decrease in urine leakage (after 5 days)

Or abnormal AUS

24
Q

Omphalophlebitis

A

Infected umbilical remnant- ID within 4 weeks of life
- can be associated with patent urachus
CS: enlarged umbilicus & sys signs of septicemia
Tx: cystoplasty & sys. abx

25
Q

Causes of uroperitoneum in foal

A

Ruptured bladder- acquired during parturition (dorsal portion)
Ruptured ureter
Ruptured ureter

26
Q

Uroperitoneum clinical signs & dx

A 
Males > female 
<6 days old 
HX: 12-24 hr before go down hill 
CS: depression, abd distension, colic, neuro deficit, arrhythmias 
DX: abdominocentesis, bldwk, us
27
Q

What is the clinical pathology of uroperitoneum?

A

Bloodwork: hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hyperkalemia %& azotemia

Pathonogmonic:
Crea in abd fluid > 2x blood creatinine

28
Q

Cystoplasty definition

A

Resection of umbilical stump

29
Q

Cystorrhexis definition

A

Bladder rupture

30
Q

Cystorrhapy definition

A

Suture injury/wound of bladder

Soft Tissue SX- Final (11 decks)

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