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Med Micro Test 3 > Urinary Tract Infections > Flashcards

Urinary Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

E.coli infection symptoms

A 
Discomfort with urination
Frequent urination
Strong odor
Likley to be sexually active
Afebrile
Only notable for suprapubic tenderness
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2
Q

Most common urinary tract infection

A

E. coli

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3
Q

Why are women at higher risk for UTIs then men?

A

Anatomical differences… women have a shorter urethra

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4
Q

Bacteria in the kidney that could be serious

A

Pyelonephritis

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5
Q

How can bacteria be introduced into the bladder?

A

Catheters or sexual intercourse

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6
Q

What can cause UTIs? 4 factors.

A

Stones
Pregnancy
Immunocompromised
Enlarged prostate

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7
Q

Host defenses(6)

A 
Urine
Ureters
Immune system
lactobacilli
apoptosis
Tamm-Horsfall
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8
Q

Urine

A

Antiseptic and washes away bacteria

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9
Q

Ureters

A

Prevent urine from backing up to the kidney

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10
Q

Lactobacilli

A

help maintain a low pH and produce hydrogen peroxide so bacteria die and can’t adhere to vaginal cells

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11
Q

Tamm-Horsfall

A

glycoprotein with mannose residues binds to E.coli and prevents bacteria from binding to bladder cell wall

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12
Q

How do we diagnose a UTI?

A

urine analysis

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13
Q

What indicates UTI infection from urine?

A

more than 10 to the fifth leukocytes
more than 10 to the sixth particular bacteria
Change in pH

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14
Q

What type of growth media can we use to differentiate E.coli

A

MacConkey agar that indicates fermentation of lactose (pink colonies)

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15
Q

E. coli characteristics from gram stain

A

Gram negative

rod

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16
Q

4 Things E. coli has that make it more virulent

A

P1 adhesion
Capsule
LPS
Hemolysin A

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17
Q

Gram negative rod that forms multicellular swarmers

A

Proteus mirabilis

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18
Q

Is proteus mirabiliilis lactose negative or positive?

A

Lactose negative

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19
Q

3 things proteus mirabilis does that help it maitain infection

A
  1. secrete urease to elevate pH levels and help bacteria survive
  2. hydronephrosis where the kidney enlarges due to stones
  3. cause secondary bacteremia
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20
Q

Bacteria that’s part of the normal fecal flora and infection usually results from a catheter

A

Enterococcus faecalis

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21
Q

Gram positive entero

A

enterococcus faecalis

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22
Q

Infection of enterococcus faecalis can lead to..

A

bactermia or endocarditis

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23
Q

How to test for E. faecalis

A

Rapid PVR test

24
Q

Why is E. faecalis difficult to treat?

A

Biofilm formation

Vanco resistant

25
How do we treat UTIs
must confirm the organism is susceptible before giving antibiotics
26
Preffered UTI antibiotic
Nitrofurantoin
27
Why do people think cranberry juice may prevent UTIs?
It has A type proanthocyanidins (PACs) to prevent e. coli attachment to the bladder
28
Symptoms of helminth infection
Hematuria (blood in urine) RBC and WBC in urine Oval shaped eggs in urine
29
Helminth infection with two host life cycles
Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) caused by trematode
30
Process of infection in snails by Bilharziasis
1. miracidia released into water and enter snail 2. Sporocysts are formed in the snail. 3. Cercariae are released into the water and are free swimmers 4. Penetrate into human skin
31
3 most common STDs
1. Gonorrhea 2. Chlamydia 3. Syphilis
32
Defense mechanisms from STDs
1. low pH generated by lactobacilli 2. secretion of antimicrobial peptides 3. cytokines/chemokines excretion
33
Organisms that cause vaginitis
Trichomonas vaginalis | Candida albicans
34
Cervicitis/Pelvic inflammatory disease organsims
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chlamydid trachomatis Mycoplasma genitalium
35
Genital ulcers organisms
Trepoenema pallidum (Syphilius) Haemophilus ducreyi Huamn papillomavirus
36
Issues with mycoplasma overgrowth
Increased risk of HIV | scarring of the fallopian tubes
37
How do we diagnose STDs? (4)
1. gram stain/culture of urethral discharge 2. nucleic acid detection via DNA probe or PCR 3. Serological tests (long standing vs recent infection) 4. Microbial metabolites via pH test
38
Prevention of STDs
Use condoms | Regularly test yourself
39
Treatment for bacteria/protozoan STDs
Metronidazole | Penicillin
40
Treatment for fungal STDs
clotrimazole
41
Cells that can indicate vaginal infection
Clue Cells
42
Natal infections that cause sepsis and meningitis
Group B streptococci E. Coli Listeria monocytogenes
43
Natal infections that cause conjunctivitis
Neiserria gonorrhoeae | Chlamydia trachomatis
44
How can we diagnose meningitis?
Lumbar puncture to collect cerebral spinal fluid. Look for elevated WBCs and protein, and decreased glucose levels.
45
Group B streptococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae
46
Streptococcus agalactiae symptoms
sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis
47
How do we prevent S. agalactiae transmission to infants
Moms screened and given Penicillin G during delivery
48
Who is likely to get Listeria monocytogenes?
immunosuppressed, old, young
49
Symptoms of listeria monocytogenes
fever, headache, diarrhea
50
How do you get listeria monocytogenes?
consumption of unpasteuirzed milk, cheese, and deli meats
51
Treatment for listeria monocytogenes
Ampicillin plus gentamicin
52
3 Strains transmitted mother to fetus
1. streptococcus agalactiae 2. Listeria monocytogenes 3. E Coli K1 strains
53
What is E coli k1 strain associated with?
neonatal meningitis
54
E. coli K1 mechanisms
K1 capsule prevents fusion with lysosome
55
Treatment for schistosomiasis
Praziquantel
56
What does praziquantal do?
For trematodes | Alters membrane and causes paralysis

Med Micro Test 3 (4 decks)

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