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Med Micro Test 3 > GI Tract Infections > Flashcards

GI Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Disease that affects the stomach

A

Gastritis by H. pylori

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2
Q

Disease that infects the small intestine

A

secretory diarrhea

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3
Q

Disease that infects the large intestine

A

Dysentery

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4
Q

GI host defenses

A
  1. Saliva contains lysozyme and IgA antibodies
  2. Normal flora, constant cell turnover, sphincters limit infection
  3. Stomach acid destroys most organisms
  4. Gut motility and rapid movement prevents adherence of organisms to mucosal surfaces
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5
Q

How are most GI tract infections spread?

A

Fecal to Oral

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6
Q

How can food become contaminated? (3)

A
  1. meat or milk may come into contact with bacteria from the animal during processing
  2. Water containing fecal waste may come into contact with food or individual may swallow water
  3. Person preparing the food may contaminate or undercook meat
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7
Q

Symptoms of gastroenteritis

A

Watery diarrhea

Dysentery

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8
Q

Characterization of watery diarrhea

A

In the small intestine; more than 3 loose stools per day; fluid loss due to enterotoxins without cell injury; rehydrate

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9
Q

Dysentery characterization

A

smaller volumes excreted containing blood and pus, organisms invade colon or produce cytotoxins (destroy cells), fever, cases resolve on own

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10
Q

Endemic infection

A

occurs sporadically in the usual living circumstances of the patient; can be influenced by age and season
Adenovirus, rotavirus, calicivirus, campylobacter, salmonella, shigella

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11
Q

Epidemic infection

A

spread beyond family unit in water supply, Salmonella serovar typhi, vibrio cholerae, Giardia, cryptosporidium

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12
Q

Traveller’s diarrhea

A

Get from uncooked food or salad, no ice, don’t drink water

Most often caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli, shigella, campylobacter, rotavirus

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13
Q

Food poisoning

A

single meal can be source
Results in multiple cases
Starts in about four hours

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14
Q

Intoxication etiology

A

Produces toxins, more likley to cause vomitting

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15
Q

Infection etiology

A

more likely to cause diarrhea

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16
Q

Diagnosis using symptoms of GI infections

A 
abdominal cramps/pain
bloody stool
loss of appetite
vomiting
dehydration
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17
Q

Diagnosis tests

A 
ELISA
latex agglutination
PCR
Look for white and red blood cells in stool and blood
Endoscopy
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18
Q

Treatment for GI infections

A

Rehydration therapy
Fever, immunocompromised or blood in stool may need antibiotic treatment
Probiotic

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19
Q

Antibiotic for bacterial GI infections

A

ciprofloxacin

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20
Q

How H. pylori can surivive in stomach

A

Has urease to help neutralize the pH and raise it around where the bacteria is

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21
Q

How does H. pylori enter the mucus?

A

Mucus layer can be decreased by NSAIDS, they inhitib prostaglandin synthesis, less mucus results

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22
Q

Diagnosis of H. Pylori (4)

A

Urease breath test
Giemsa/Warthin-Starry stain on tissue biopsy
Serology can look for antibodies but it can’t distinguish between past and present infection
Endoscope

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23
Q

Treatment of H. pylori

A

Antibiotics

proton pump inhibitor to prevent acid excretion

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24
Q

Most common cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients

A

Clostridium difficile

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25
Risk factor for C. difficile
antibiotics (killed off normal microbiome)
26
Treatment for C. difficile
1. probiotic 2. transplant 3. Metrondiazole
27
Outbreak often associated with beef that causes food sickness
Clostridium perferinges
28
Characteristics of C. perferinges
Gram positive spore former stable on fomites
29
Produces a neurotoxin that can contaiminate home canned products or honey for infants
Clostridium botulinum
30
How does C. botulinum work?
Prevents fusion at the neuromuscular junction so acetylcholine can't be released
31
Treatment for C. botulinum
Antitoxin | Not for infants
32
Causes fried rice syndrome
Bacillus cereus
33
Symptoms of bacillus cereus
watery diarrhea | vomiting
34
Other facts of bacillus cereus
Produces endospores | Used for probiotic feed to reduce Salmonella
35
Listeria
Strikes hardest against pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and weakened immune system
36
How to prevent listeria
don't eat feta (soft cheese) | microwave cold cuts
37
How does listeria infect the body?
Goes from the GI to the blood to the brain and can cause meningitis
38
Salmonella infection
get from raw eggs, reptiles, contaminated poultry
39
Salmonella characteristics
Gram negative | Similar to shigella
40
Secretory diarrhea
infection leads to excess secretion of chloride drawing water into lumen
41
Osmotic diarrhea
small bowel overgrowth leads to increased production of ogranic acids sufficient to pull water from the blood stream by osmosis
42
Symptoms of vibrio cholerae
``` watery diarrhea vomitting dry mucous membranes elevated WBCs electrolyte imbalances Just traveled, and ate shrimp ```
43
Where is vibrio cholerae found?
found in water, contaminated seafood or through break in skin while swimming
44
Hypovolemic shock treatment (3)
IV isotonich, bicarbonate fluid, doxycycline (ribosome inhibitor)
45
How does V. cholerae infect?
Goes to the small intestine and releases toxin, increases cAMP, Cl- channels open, water comes in, low sodium and low potassium result
46
Diagnosis of V. cholerae
Stool sample bacteria on thiosulphate citrate bile salt
47
Protozoan infections associated with GI infections
Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Giardia
48
Outbreak that occured from parasite at Olive Garden and caused self limited diarrhea in immunocomptenet individuals
Cyclospora cayetanensis
49
Diagnosis of protozoans
Need to test three samples Glow under UV lyte Do acid fast stain
50
Treatment of protozoan infections
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for immunocompromised | Healthy immune systems will resolve on own
51
Comes from untreated water (get in boonies) and causes greasy, foul smelling stool
Giardia
52
Why is the stool greasy?
A large number of organisms bind to the intestine and block fat absorption and deconjugates bile salts
53
Treatment for giardia
tinidazole | can't take with alchohol
54
How do metronidazole and tinidazole work?
The drug gets oxidized by ferredoxin and then creates DNA damage
55
Why can't you have alcohol
Metronidazole blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase which inhibits acetaldehyde and causes a marked increase in acetaldehyde concentrations after ethanol consumption
56
Noninflammatory diarrhea
Tends to cause nausea and vomitting | may be viral
57
Inflammatory diarrhea
causes bloody stool and often more important to treat
58
Staphylococcus aureus symptoms
Toxins produce symptoms of food poisoning occurs 1-6 hours after consumption mild, not usually diagnosed
59
How do we diagnose staph aureus?
Gram stain (gram positive) Catalase positive test Beta hemolytic
60
Treatment for staph aureus
usually self limited | For immunocompromised give vanco
61
Prevent staph aureus...
hand washing spread person to person beware of contaminated food
62
C. difficile symptoms
many watery stools per day leukocytes in stool positive toxin assay
63
Characteristics of C. difficle
spore former | gram positive
64
C. difficile toxins
``` Toxin A (enterotoxin) Toxin B (cytotoxin) ```
65
Pathology of C difficle
Spores are injested and the acidic environment allows them to release vegetative cells from the spores. The spores adhere to the colon and secrete toxins which causes dramatic inflammation
66
Diagnoses of C. difficile
Toxin in the stool | ELISA
67
Treatment for C. difficile
Oral metronidazole or vanco Stool transplant Probiotics
68
Diagnosis of listeria
culture of CSF fluid or blood | Gram stain
69
Treatment for listeria
Ampicillin with or without gentamicin
70
Where can salmonella typhi hide
Gall bladder
71
Treatment for salmonella typhi
ciprofloxacin
72
What does cylcospora cause?
self limited diarrhea
73
How do we diagnose cylcospora?
Test three times Glow under UV light Acid fast stain with mycolic acid
74
Treatment for cyclospora
Self limiting | immunocompromised get trimethoprim or sulfamethoxasole

Med Micro Test 3 (4 decks)

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