Urinary Tract Infection and kidney stones Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of UTI?
Upper UTIs and lower UTIs
What are upper UTIs?
Infections in the kidneys nd ureters such as pyelonephritis (kidney infection) and urethritis (infection of the ureters)
What are lower UTIs?
Include infections in the bladder and urethra such as cystitis (bladder infection) and urethritis (infection of the urethra)
What are signs and symptoms of UTIs?
Dysuria, frequency and urgency of urination, dark in colour, strong smells
What is cystitis?
An infection to the bladder
What are symptoms of cystitis?
Burning pain during urination, frequent urge to urinate, low grade fever, lower back pain
What is pyelonephritis?
An acute bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and calyces within the kidney - one of the most common causes of sepsis
What are the 2 main causes of pyelonephritis?
Ascending infection and blood borne infection
What is an ascending infection?
Occurs when bacteria spreads from the bladder to the kidneys often due to untreated lower UTIs
What is blood-borne infection?
Bacteria in the blood that can ready the kidneys through the bloodstream
What are signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis?
High grade fever, severe flank pain, rigours (shaking chills) dysuria (painful urination)
What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?
Female anatomy - short urethra, urinary stasis
What are the risk factors for a UTI?
Female - shorter urethra, sexual activity, pregnancy, age, poor hygiene
What are treatments for UTIs?
Antibiotics, IV antibiotics, hydration, analgesia
How do kidney stones form?
When salts like phosphate and oxalate precipitate out of urine leading to the creation of small stones
What do smaller kidneys stones do?
often pass through the urinary system without causing a problem but can become lodged in the ureter leading to pain and blood in urine
What do large stones do?
These can block the entire renal pelvis over time causing severe problems. can result in infection and potentially lead to renal failure due to back flow of urine
What is haematuria?
Blood in the urine
What is Renal colic?
A characteristic unilateral spasmodic pain caused by the obstruction of urine flow due to the stone’s position
What is urinary stagnation?
When urine cannot flow past the obstruction, it leads to increased pressure within the renal system
What is renal failure?
Severe back flow of the filtrate due to prolonged obstruction - can ultimately compromise kidney function
What are the risk factors for kidney stones?
Males, above 30 years of age, previous history of renal calculi, dehydration, infection, endocrine disorders
What is the treatment for renal calculi?
Pre hospital - analgesia, no previous history - refer to ED to rule out
Previous history - treatment is usually elective rather than emergent e.g surgery
Urethral syndrome?
This is a mysterious condition, with symptoms suggestive of a urinary tract infection, such as: pain when urinating, bladder pain as well as increased urgency and frequency but without any infection.
