Chronic kidney disease Flashcards
What is the function of the kidney?
Volume - maintains BP and fluid volume
Concentration - maintains balance of sodium and calcium
pH - manages hydrogen and long term acid base balance
Metabolic - storage creation ands conversion of glucose and glycogen + vitamin D synthesis
Excretory - waste (urea, creatinine), drugs, toxins
Endocrine - produces renin - tells body to hold onto sodium chloride so water can be held onto maintaining BP, produces EPO (production of red blood cells)
(very clever penguins migrate east easily)
What is chronic kidney disease?
Where the kidneys lose their ability to function over time
What is CKD commonly caused by?
Acute kidney injury, hypertension, diabetes, infection
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
Nephron
What are the 2 types of hypertension?
Essential and secondary
Which type of hypertension is particularly relevant to the kidneys?
Secondary
What happens when blood flow to the kidneys decreases?
Damage occurs leading to a condition called schema, in response the kidneys activate a system that raises the BP, which can make the kidney problems worse, this cycle continues and does not fix itself
What is essential hypertension?
High blood pressure without a known cause
How does diabetes cause CKD?
It causes damage to the special cells in the glomeruli, High blood sugar levels lead these cells to produce scar tissue. This damage happens in the blood vessels that supply blood to the glomeruli, causing increased pressure and reducing the kidneys’ ability to filter waste. Over time, this can lead to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD),
What is suggestive of a hyperkalaemic arrest?
Hyper acute T waves, sine waves, prolonged P-R interval
What is the management for CKD?
Lifestyle and diet advice, blood pressure management, treat cardiovascular disease
What is dialysis?
A procedure used to remove harmful waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can’t do this effectively
What are the 2 main types of dialysis?
Haemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
What is haemodialysis?
Uses access to both an artery and a vein to allow blood to flow out of the body to a machine that filters it and then returns it.
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Uses the body’s own abdominal lining to filter blood. A special fluid is introduced into the abdomen to help remove waste
What are complications with dialysis?
Blood chemistry, excess fluid, exhaustion, high risk of infection
What is a fistula?
An artificially created connection between an artery and a vein allowing the vein to handle repeated needle insertions required for dialysis
What are precautions with fistulas?
Avoid cannulation, avoid taking blood pressure on the same side as a fistula
