Urinary Tract and Male Reproduction

Question 1

Oliguria

Answer 1

Decreased urine production

Question 2

Anuria

Answer 2

No urine production

Question 3

Polyuria

Answer 3

Increased urine production

Question 4

Hematuria

Answer 4

Passage of blood in urine

Question 5

Proteinuria

Answer 5

Protein in urine

Question 6

Azotemia

Answer 6

Elevated blood urea
nitrogen and creatinine

Question 7

Glomerular Diseases

Answer 7

• Present 1 of 5 syndromes: Chronic renal failure, acutre renal failure, nephritic syndrome, isolated urinary abnormalities and nephrotic syndrome

Primary: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; minimal change disease; membranous nephropathy; acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Secondary: Immunologic (SLE), Metabolic (Diabetes)

Question 8

Nephritic Syndrome

Answer 8

• Proteinuria (not as severe as nephrotic
  syndrome) & edema.
  – Hematuria.
  – Azotemia.
  – RBC casts.
  – Anti-strep titers (if post-strep).
  – Oliguria.
  – Hypertension.

Causes: Acute (PSG) Chronic (SLE)

Question 9

Urinary tract infections

Answer 9

• Hematogenous spread (sepsis, septic emboli)
• Ascending infection (more common: urethra to bladder)

Question 10

Urinary bladder infections

Answer 10

Cystitis usually caused by bacteria (gram negative) (more common in females)

Question 11

Acute pyelonephritis

Answer 11

Inflammation of kidney due to bacteria (gram negative) either via urethra (common) or blood stream

Question 12

Renal stones

Answer 12

Present with renal colic (pain)

4 types: calcium (hypercalcemia; x-ray), struvite (UTIs, large), Uric acid (hyperuricemia), cystine (aa metabolism errors)

Question 13

Renal cell carcinoma

Answer 13

(Most common renal tumor) malignant neoplasm; sporadic (asymptomatic; pain; hematuria; hypercalcemia)

Question 14

Wilm’s tumor

Answer 14

(Most common solid tumor of children): mutation of tumor suppressor gene (no associated syndrome)

Question 15

Transitional cell carcinoma

Answer 15

(Most common urinary tract malignancy): malignant neoplasm of transitional epethelium of bladder (RF: smoking) → pappillary = good prognosis; flat = worse prognosis

Question 16

Cryptorchidism

Answer 16

Testicles do not descend into scrotum (increased cancer risk and infirtility risk)

Question 17

Hypospadias

Answer 17

Abnormal urethra opening

Question 18

Orchitis

Answer 18

Inflammation of testes (can be combined with epididymitis) → Virus (mumps)

Question 19

Balanitis

Answer 19

Inflammation of penis (C: viral (HSV) or bacteria (syphillis))

Question 20

Genital Herpes

Answer 20

HSV2 → vesicles form and can rupture into ulcers

Question 21

Gonorrhea

Answer 21

Bacteria resulting in purulent urtheritis (yellow discharge) → risk of hematogenous spread, prostatitis, etc.

Question 22

Chlamydia

Answer 22

Most common cause of bacterial urethritis → reactive arthritis (reiter’s syndrome) cannot see, pee, bend knee

Question 23

Syphilis

Answer 23

3 stages: Primary (painless penis ulcer) → Secondary (systemic spread and immune reaction) → Third (granulomas, vasculitis, cardiac, CNS)

Question 24

Testicular neoplasms

Answer 24

Uncommon but still most common malignant neoplasm in young adults
- Germ cell tumors (90%): seminoma, non-seminoma (yolk sac, embryonal carcinoma), mixed
- Sex cord stromal tumors (5%): Leydig or sertoli cell tumor

Question 25

Seminoma

Answer 25

(Most common germ cell tumor): scrotal mass; usually hasnt metastasized (good prognosis)

Question 26

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumor

Answer 26

Scrotal mass; poorer prognosis (many metastasize)

Question 27

Prostatic carcinoma

Answer 27

Malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium in prostate (typically ademocarcinomas and in peripheral zone)
- Prostate cells produce PSA → small amount ends up in blood → Can be used to screen for prostate cancer

Question 28

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 28

Can lead to kidney damage
Glomerulosclerosis (glomerular thickening), Arteriosclerosis, Papillary necrosis (vascular change → ischemia), pyelonephritis (prone to infection)

Question 29

ADPKD

Answer 29

(Common inherited disease of kidney) progressive large number of cysts → enlarged kidney

Question 30

Cystic renal dysplasia

Answer 30

Sporadic congenital disorder of kidney development (abnormal differentiation)