Urinary Tract and Male Reproduction Flashcards
Oliguria
Decreased urine production
Anuria
No urine production
Polyuria
Increased urine production
Hematuria
Passage of blood in urine
Proteinuria
Protein in urine
Azotemia
Elevated blood urea
nitrogen and creatinine
Glomerular Diseases
- Present 1 of 5 syndromes: Chronic renal failure, acutre renal failure, nephritic syndrome, isolated urinary abnormalities and nephrotic syndrome
Primary: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; minimal change disease; membranous nephropathy; acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Secondary: Immunologic (SLE), Metabolic (Diabetes)
Nephritic Syndrome
- Proteinuria (not as severe as nephrotic
syndrome) & edema.
– Hematuria.
– Azotemia.
– RBC casts.
– Anti-strep titers (if post-strep).
– Oliguria.
– Hypertension.
Causes: Acute (PSG) Chronic (SLE)
Urinary tract infections
- Hematogenous spread (sepsis, septic emboli)
- Ascending infection (more common: urethra to bladder)
Urinary bladder infections
Cystitis usually caused by bacteria (gram negative) (more common in females)
Acute pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidney due to bacteria (gram negative) either via urethra (common) or blood stream
Renal stones
Present with renal colic (pain)
4 types: calcium (hypercalcemia; x-ray), struvite (UTIs, large), Uric acid (hyperuricemia), cystine (aa metabolism errors)
Renal cell carcinoma
(Most common renal tumor) malignant neoplasm; sporadic (asymptomatic; pain; hematuria; hypercalcemia)
Wilm’s tumor
(Most common solid tumor of children): mutation of tumor suppressor gene (no associated syndrome)
Transitional cell carcinoma
(Most common urinary tract malignancy): malignant neoplasm of transitional epethelium of bladder (RF: smoking) → pappillary = good prognosis; flat = worse prognosis
Cryptorchidism
Testicles do not descend into scrotum (increased cancer risk and infirtility risk)
Hypospadias
Abnormal urethra opening
Orchitis
Inflammation of testes (can be combined with epididymitis) → Virus (mumps)
Balanitis
Inflammation of penis (C: viral (HSV) or bacteria (syphillis))
Genital Herpes
HSV2 → vesicles form and can rupture into ulcers
Gonorrhea
Bacteria resulting in purulent urtheritis (yellow discharge) → risk of hematogenous spread, prostatitis, etc.
Chlamydia
Most common cause of bacterial urethritis → reactive arthritis (reiter’s syndrome) cannot see, pee, bend knee
Syphilis
3 stages: Primary (painless penis ulcer) → Secondary (systemic spread and immune reaction) → Third (granulomas, vasculitis, cardiac, CNS)
Testicular neoplasms
Uncommon but still most common malignant neoplasm in young adults
- Germ cell tumors (90%): seminoma, non-seminoma (yolk sac, embryonal carcinoma), mixed
- Sex cord stromal tumors (5%): Leydig or sertoli cell tumor
Seminoma
(Most common germ cell tumor): scrotal mass; usually hasnt metastasized (good prognosis)
Non-seminomatous germ cell tumor
Scrotal mass; poorer prognosis (many metastasize)
Prostatic carcinoma
Malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium in prostate (typically ademocarcinomas and in peripheral zone)
- Prostate cells produce PSA → small amount ends up in blood → Can be used to screen for prostate cancer
Diabetes mellitus
Can lead to kidney damage
Glomerulosclerosis (glomerular thickening), Arteriosclerosis, Papillary necrosis (vascular change → ischemia), pyelonephritis (prone to infection)
ADPKD
(Common inherited disease of kidney) progressive large number of cysts → enlarged kidney
Cystic renal dysplasia
Sporadic congenital disorder of kidney development (abnormal differentiation)
