GASTROINTESTINAL, LIVER, BILIARY TRACT AND PANCREAS PATHOLOGY Flashcards
Most common craniofacial malformation in the newborn?
Cleft lip/palate
Why does a cleft lip/palate occur
Failure of fusion of fetal nasal and maxillary processes
Cleft lip/palate etiology
Genetic factors and some evidence for environmental (maternal medications, smoking, etc.)
How many cleft lip/palate cases are linked to genetic syndromes (example)
30% (The best known syndrome with cleft lip/palate is 22q11 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome))
Dental Carries (Tooth Cavities)
Erosion of the hard outer layer of the tooth (the enamel) by acids produced by bacteria
Risk factors for dental carries (tooth cavities)
- Poor oral hygiene
- Structural abnormalities (promoting plaque formation)
- Sugary foods
- Lack of saliva (to buffer bacterial acid)
- Genetics?
Pulpitis
The cavity in the tooth enamel erodes through the dentin layer and into the the tooth pulp. This is when dental (painful) (bacteria can infect)
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums caused by bacterial plaques on and around the teeth (inflammation of the gums)
Periodontitis
Severe gingivitis where the gum retracts from the teeth
Effects of periodontitis
- Teeth loosening or falling out
- Bad breath
- Infection spread to rest of jaw
- Potential sepsis
Sepsis
Bacterial infection of the blood (can be life-threatening)
Potential effects from severe dental infections (e.x. pulpitis, periodontitis) where bacteria move into the blood
- Sepsis
- Bacteria can lodge (E.x. lodge on heart valves forming biofilms > infectious endocarditis)
Stomatitis
Inflamed/sore mouth
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (‘canker sores’)
What is it? Cause?
- Discrete, painful mouth ulcers that usually spontaneously resolve within 2 weeks
- Unknown cause
Infectious stomatitis
Pocket of fluid bound by squamous mucosa
Infectious stomatitis (Herpes virus - ‘Cold sores’)
Typically starts as a vesicle initially, and may later ulcerate
Infectious stomatitis (Candida fungus - ‘oral thrush’)
Who does this effect?
Can affect infants, the immunosuppressed and users of inhaled corticosteroids
Oral cavity neoplasm
What cell type do they affect
- Vast majority are squamous
Leukoplakia
Persistent white patch mouth lesion
Erythroplakia
Persistent red patch mouth lesion
Causes for mouth lesions
Heavy consumption of alcohol and with tobacco use (cause concern for squamous cell carcinoma)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Occurs when the oral squamous epithelium acquires genetic mutations, mainly from toxins, human papillomavirus (HPV) or
radiation
2 main types of squamous cell carcinoma
What types? Where do they tend to occur?
1) Associated with alcohol and tobacco use (tongue)
2) Associated with associated with HPV infection (oropharynx (tonsils location))
3) Other (radiation, UV, immunosupression)
squamous cell carcinoma progression
Dysplasia (increasing grade) > squamous cell carcinoma in situ > invasive squamous cell carcinoma > metastasis to neck regional lymph nodes and/or distant metastases