Urinary Sytem Flashcards
what are the organs of the urinary system
the kidneys
the ureters
the urinary bladder
the urethra
function of the kidneys
produce urine
function of ureters
transport urine from kidneys to bladder
function of bladder
stores urine
function of urethra
eliminates urine
why is the right kidney lower than the left kidney
because the liver takes a lot of space on the right side which pushes right kidney down
functions of the urinary system
excretion
elimination
homeostatic regulation of blood plasma
excretion
the removal of organic waste products from body fluids
elimination
the discharge of waste products into the environment
homeostatic regulation of blood plasma
regulating blood volume and pressure
regulating plasma ion concentrations (SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE)
stabilizing blood pH (keeping our 7.4 pH)
conserving nutrients (ex: oreventing nutrient excretion by reabsorption)
detoxification
regulate electrolytes and acid base balance
secrete erythropoietin (STIMULATES THE PRODUCTION OF RBC)
anatomy of the kidneys
left kidney is slighlty more superior than the right
both kidneys and adrenal glands are retroperitoneal (BEHIND THE PERITONEUM)
hilus: point of entry and exit for renal artery, renal nerves, and renal veins and ureter
what are the 2 layers of the kidneys
outer cortex
inner medulla (6-18 renal pyramids)
function of major and minor calyces and the pelvis
drain urine to the renal pelvis (CONNECTED TO THE URETERS)
what is the functional unity of the kidney
the nephron
what does the nephron consist of
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
renal corpuscle
head of nephron
composed of bowman’s capsule and glomeruli
bowman’s capsule
cover of the corpuscle that surrpinds the glomerulus
glomerulus
network of capillaries found inside the corpuscle
blood arrives by way of an _______ and departs in an _______
blood arrives by way of an afferent arteriole and departs in an efferent arteriole
renal tubule
tubular passageway of the nephron
what does the renal tubule consist of
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
collecting duct
what are the 2 types of nephron
cortical nephrons : 85% of all nephrons , found in cortex
juxtamedullary nephrons : 15%,
closer to renal medulla,
loops of henle extend deep into renal pyramids
functions of nephron
production of filtrate: happens at the corpuscle of the nephron
reabsorption of organic nutrients (glucose, amino acid) : happens at PCT
reabsoprtion of water and ions: happens at the tubular passageway (renal tubule). WANT POTASSIUM, SODIUM, WATER BACK. we want to get rid of urea and uric acid so we dont want to reabsorb it
secretion of waste products into tubular fluid: happens at DCT
Filtration
Blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space
PRODUCED AT THE RENAL CORPUSCLE OF THE NEPHRON
The tubular passageway of the nephron is responsible for
Reabsorbing organic substrates and vitamins
Reabsorbing water and electrolytes
Secreting waste products
Reabsorption
2nd process
Occurs in tubular passageway of nephron
One limitation to the filtration process is that the filtrate produced in the corpuscle contain organic substrates, vitamins and other beneficial material
Will reabsorb water and solutes from filtrate
Secretion
3rd process and occurs in tubular passageway
Transport of solutes from the peritubular fluid into the tubular fluid
What are the Processes of urine formation
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Actively reabsorbing nutrients, plasma proteins and ions from filtrate
Reabsorbing 60-70% of the filtrate produced
Reabsorption of most organic nutrients
Active and passive reabsorption of sodium and other ions
Reabsorption of water
Loop of Henley
Descending limb
Ascending limb
What is the primary function of nephron loop
Generate salinity gradient that enables collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water
Electrolyte reabsorption from filtrate
Thick segment reabsorbing 25% of Na+, K+, and Cl- in filtrate
Water cant follow since thick segment is impermeable
Tubular fluid is very dilute as i enters distal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
DCT performs final adjustment of urine
Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs
Reabsorbing sodium ions from tubular fluid
In exchange for potassium or hydrogen ions (secreted)
Urine production maintains
Homeostasis
Regulating blood volume and composition by excreting or reabsorbing water, sodium, hydrogen, and other electrolyte
Excreting waste products in urine such as
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys in one minute
Factors that alter filtration pressure will change the GF
A DROP IN PRESSURE WILL LEAD TO A DECREASE IN GFR
Reabsorption along the collecting system
Sodium ion, bicarbonate, and urea are reabsorbed
Secretion along the collecting system
PH is controlled by secretion of hydrogen or bicarbonate ions
Composition of normal urine
Reflects filtration, absorption and secretion activity of the nephrons
Urinalysis is the chemical and physical analysis of urine
The renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism
A system of hormones that helps control blood pressure and GFR
In response to a drop in blood pressure, baroreceptors in carotid and aorta stimulate the
sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic fibers trigger release of renin by
RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
Kidneys granular cells
Renin converts angiotensionogen to
RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM
Angiotensin I
What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
IN LUNGS AND KIDNEYS
Urine production ends with fluid entering the
Renal pelvis
Parts of the urinary system that transports, stores, and eliminates
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
The ureters
Pair of muscular tubes
Extend from renal pelvis to bladder
Peristaltic contractions force urine toward the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Hollow, muscular organ
Reservoir for the storage of urine
Contraction of debris or muscle voids bladder
Urethra
Extends fro urinary bladder to exterior of the body
Passes through urogenital diaphragm (external urinary sphincter)
Differs i length and function in males and females
Urination is coordinated by
Micturition reflex
Initiated by stretch receptors in wall of bladder
Urination requires coupling micturition reflex with relaxation of external urethral sphincter
