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A&P 2 Exam 3 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The digestive system includes

A

the muscular digestive tract

Various accessory organs

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2
Q

What is part of the muscular digestive tract in the digestive system

A

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestine

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3
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system

A

Liver

Pancreas

Oral cavity

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4
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion

Mechanical processing

Digestion (mechanical breakdown, and chemical breakdown)

Secretion

Absorption

Excretion

Storage

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5
Q

What are the four layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularies

Serosa

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6
Q

Which layers lines the digestive tract

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

Lamina propria and epithelium form_____ in the ____(digestive tract layer)_____

A

Mucosa

Mucous epithelium

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8
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract is moistened by glandular secretions

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

Which is the layer of the digestive tract that has dense irregular connective tissue

A

Submucosa

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10
Q

Which layer of the digestive tract contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Submucosa

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11
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves or contractions that move and propel food (volumes) along the digestive tract toward the anus

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12
Q

Segmentation

A

Segmentation is the contraction that is produced in small intestine and some part of the large intestine

THIS LEADS TO MIXING OF FOOD AND FRAGMENT A BOLUS
Mixes with digestive juices
Goes back and forth in the small intestine

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13
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

Analysis of material before swallowing

Mechanical processing by the teeth tongue and palatial surfaces

Lubrication

Limited digestion
(SALIVA STARTS DIGESTING COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES)

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14
Q

Primary functions of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing

Assistance in chewing and swallowing

Sensory analysis by touch temperature and taste receptors

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15
Q

What are the 3 pairs of the salivary glands

A

Parotid

Sublingual

Submandibular

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16
Q

Components of saliva

A

99.4% water

.6% electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins, antibodies (IgA), and enzymes (salivary amylase: breakdown of carbohydrates)

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17
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Lubrications

Moistening

Dissolving

initiation of digestion of complex carbohydrates

Help to control bacterial population in the oral cavity

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18
Q

The function of the esophagus

A

Carries solids and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach

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19
Q

The wall of the esophagus contains _____ layers

A

Mucosal

Submucosal

Muscularis

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20
Q

Functions of the stomach

A

Storage: bulk storage of undigested food

Mechanical processing of the food

Chemical processing of the food: disruption of chemical bonds via acids and enzymes

Secretion: production of intrinsic factor, HCl, pepsinogen, and gastric

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21
Q

Cardia of the stomach

A

Superior medical portion that connects to the esophagus

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22
Q

Fundus

A

Portion superior to stomach - esophageal junction

Gastric pits

Contain gas here all the time

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23
Q

Body of the stomach

A

Area between the fundus and the curve of the J

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24
Q

Pylorus of the stomach

A

Antrum and pyloric Canal adjacent to the duodenum(part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum)

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25
Q

Pyloric sphincter of the stomach

A

Guards exit from stomach

Regulates entry of food to the small intestine (duodenum) from the stomach

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26
Q

Rugae of the stomach

A

Ridges and folds in relaxed stomach

Allows the stomach to stretch

Temporary folds that are gone when here’s no food in the stomach

27
Q

How long does it take to empty the stomach

A

4 hours

28
Q

Gastric pits are found

A

In fundus and body of the stomach

29
Q

Function of gastric pit

A

Communicates with several gastric gland

30
Q

2 types of secretary cells

A

Parietal cells

Chief cells

31
Q

Parietal cells

A

Secrete intrinsic factor, and HCl

HCl (THAT COMES FROM OUR FOOD) kill most bacteria, denature proteins, inactivate food enzymes, breakdown plant cells and connective tissue in meat, activate pepsinogen to pepsin

Pepsinogen ——> pepsin——> protein breakdown

32
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen that converts to popsin in the presence of acid

PEPSIN BREAKS DOWN PROTEINS

in kids, they also produce lipase and rennin (to help with milk digestion)

33
Q

pyloric glands

A

produces mucous containing several hormones

34
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

G cells secrete gastrin

gastrin stimulates parietal cells and chief cells to secrete HCl and popsinogen

D cells secrete somatostatin
somatostatin inhibits gastrin secretion

35
Q

pepsin

A

enzyme that digests proteins

36
Q

stomach permits digestion of carbohydrates by lipase until

A

the pH falls to 4.5

37
Q

why doesnt absoprtion occur in the stomach

A

epithelial cells are no exposed to chime

epithelial cells lack transport mechanism

gastric lining is impermeable to water

digestion is not completed (some drugs are absorbed)

38
Q

role of small intestine in digestion and absorption

A

mucosa of SI produce few enzymes, and buffer to neutralize chyme

39
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

40
Q

duodenum

A

recieves chyme from stomach, bile from gall bladder, and digestive secretion from pancreas

digestion continues in here

41
Q

jejunum

A

digestion and absoprtion takes place here

42
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

transition between small intestine and large intestine

43
Q

gastroenteric reflexes are initiated by

A

stretch receptors in stomach

44
Q

gastroileal reflex triggers

A

relaxation of ileocecal valve

45
Q

what are the endocrine functions of pancreas

A

secretes insulin and glucagons

46
Q

what are the exocrine functions of pancreas

A

produces majority of pancreatic secretions

47
Q

pancreatic juice secreted into the small intestine contains

A

carbohydrases: to digest carbohydrates
lipases: to digest lipids

nucleases

proteolytic enzymes

48
Q

functions of the liver

A

performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bile

49
Q

bile canaliculi

A

carry bile to bile ductules

50
Q

bile ductules

A

lead to portal areas

51
Q

functions of gall bladder are

A

stores bile

modifies bile

concentrates bile
TOO MUCH BILE CONCENTRATION CAUSES GALLSTONE

bile salt break large droplet of fat for digestion

52
Q

which mechanisms coordinate glands

A

neural

hormonal

53
Q

GI activity is stimulated by

A

parasympathetic innervation

54
Q

GI activity is inhibited by

A

sympathetic innervation

55
Q

what are the three divisions of the large intestine

A

cecu,

colon

rectum

56
Q

cecum

A

collects and stores material from ileum

57
Q

what are the 4 regions of the colon

A

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

58
Q

functions of the large intestine

A

absorption of water

absoprtion of vitamins produced by bacteria

storage of fecal material prior to defecation

59
Q

carbohydrate digestion and absorption begins in

A

the mouth

salivary and pancreatic enzymes

disaccharides and trisaccharides

brush border enzymes

monosaccharides

60
Q

absorption of monosaccharides occurs across the

A

intestinal epithelia

61
Q

lipid digestion and absorption

A

utilizes pancreatic lipases

bile salts imrpove chemical digestion- EMULSIFIES LIPID DROPS

MICELLES (lipid bile salt complexes ) ARE FORMED

micelles diffues into intestinal epithelia THIS RELEASES LIPIDS INTO BLOOD AS CHYLOMICRONS

62
Q

protein digestion and absorption

A

low pH destroys tertiary and quarternary structure

uses pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase

free amino acids are absorbed

63
Q

absorption

A

water (ALL THAT IS INGESTED IS REABSORBED BY OSMOSIS)

ions (ABSORBED BY DIFFUSION, COTRANSPORT, AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

vitamins (water soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion,
fat soluble vitamins are absorbed as part of micelles,
vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor)

64
Q

movement of materials along the digestive tract is controlled by

A

neural mechanisms (parasympathetic and local reflexes)

hormonal mechanisms (enhance or inhibit smooth muscle contraction)

local mechanisms (coordinate response to changes in pH or chemical stimuli

A&P 2 Exam 3 (3 decks)

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