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Biology 224 > Urinary System (Notes) > Flashcards

Urinary System (Notes) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three functions of the Urinary System?

A

Excretion
Elimination
Homeostatic Regulation

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2
Q

How much do the kidneys filter per hour?

A

200 Liters

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the kidney?

A
  1. Renal fascia
  2. Perirenal fat capsule (adipose)
  3. Fibrous capsule (renal capsule)
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4
Q

What is the function of the perirenal fat capsule?

A

To cushion the kidney and hold it in its position.

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5
Q

What is pyelitis?

A

Infection of renal pelvis and calyces.

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6
Q

What is pyelonephritis?

A

Inflammation/Infection of the entire kidney.

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7
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A

Filtration.

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8
Q

What are the arteries involved in renal blood circulation?

A

Renal Art-Segmental arts-Interlobar arts-Arcuate arts-corical radiate arts-afferent arterioles-glomerulus-efferent arterioles

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9
Q

What are the veins involved in renal blood circulation?

A

Peritubular capillaries-Vasa Recta-venules-cortical radiate veins-arcuate veins-interlobar veins-renal vein

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10
Q

What is the fibrous capsule (renal capsule) composed of?

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

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11
Q

What is the renal fascia composed of?

A

Dense Fibrous Irregular Connective Tissue

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the fibrous (renal) capsule?

A

To prevent spread of infection to kidneys.

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13
Q

What is renal ptosis (nephroptosis)?

A

“Floating Kidneys.” Kidneys drop to a lower position.

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14
Q

What are potential causes of renal ptosis (nephroptosis)?

A

Rapid weight loss, some degree of weakening of fibrous bands (10x more common in women).

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15
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Urine backup. Can be from ureter blockage or something else. This can cause severe damage!

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16
Q

What are renal calculi?

A

Kidney stones.

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17
Q

What are renal calculi composed of?

A

Crystallized calcium, magnesium, or uric acid salts.

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18
Q

What are potential causes of renal calculi?

A
  • Chronic bacterial infections
  • Urine retention
  • Increased Ca2+ in blood
  • Increased pH of urine
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19
Q

Where is the nerve supply for kidneys?

A

Hilum of kidney, via sympathetic fibers from renal plexus.

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20
Q

What are the two layers of the glomerular (bowman’s) capsule?

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer.

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21
Q

What makes up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal layer of Bowman’s?

A

To act as a cup, enclosing everything.

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23
Q

What makes up the visceral layer of Bowman’s?

A

Podocytes

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24
Q

What type of tissue are podocytes composed of?

A

Modified simple squamous epithelium

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25
Q

What are the feet of podocytes called?

A

Pedicels

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26
Q

What segment is the descending limb of the nephron loop?

A

Thin segment made of simple squamous epithelial

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27
Q

What segment is the ascending limb of the nephron loop?

A

Thick segment made of simple cuboidal epithelial, also thin segment (simple squamous)

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28
Q

Where does most reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

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29
Q

What does the PCT reabsorb?

A

Amino acids, glucose, vitamins, some electrolytes

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30
Q

What is secreted into the PCT?

A

Drug metabolites, waste, etc.

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31
Q

Where is the site of H20 reabsorption?

A

Descending limb of loop of Henli (Nephron loop)

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32
Q

Where is the site of reabsorption of ions?

A

Ascending limb of nephron loop

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33
Q

What are the two ccell types in the collecting duct?

A

Principle Cells and Intercalated Cells

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34
Q

What type of tissue makes up the PCT?

A

Simple cuboidal w/ dense microvilli with a brush border

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35
Q

What type of tissue makes up the DCT?

A

Simple cuboidal w/ few microvilli

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36
Q

What are the two major groups of nephrons?

A

Juxtamedullary and Cortical

37
Q

How many of the nephrons are cortical, how many are juxtamedullary?

A

85% cortical nephrons

15% juxtamedullary nephrons

38
Q

What is the function of juxtameduallary nephrons?

A

Control concentration of urine

39
Q

What is the significance of the depth of the Nephron loop?

A

The deeper the loop goes, the greater the ability to concentrate the urine.

40
Q

What are the four cells in the juxtamedullary apparatus (complex)?

A
  1. Macula Densa
  2. Juxtaglomerular Cells/Granular Cells
  3. Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells
  4. Glomerular Mesangial Cells
41
Q

What are macula densa?

A

Cells in JGA/JGC which contain chemo and osmoreceptors that sense NaCl content (solute content) of filtrate

42
Q

What are juxtaglomerular (granular) cells?

A

Cells in afferent arteriole which act as mechanoreceptors to sense BP. They have secretory granules which contain renin.

43
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Cells which are loaded with gap junctions. These cells act as a bridge to pass signals between macula densa and granular cells.

44
Q

What are glomerular mesangial cells?

A

Cells which contain actin. When these cells contract, they reduce surface area of glomerular capsule.

45
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter wall and what is each layer composed of?

A
  1. Mucosa-transitional epithelium (has goblet cells)
  2. Muscularis-smooth muscle sheets which contract
  3. Adventitia-fibrous connective tissue for support
46
Q

How much can a moderately full bladder hold?

A

500 ml

47
Q

What kind of muscle is the internal urethral sphinctor?

A

Smooth muscle

48
Q

What kind of muscle is the external urethral sphinctor?

A

Skeletal

49
Q

What needs to happen to the internal and external sphinctors, and the detrusor muscle in order to pee?

A

Both internal and external urethral sphinctors must relax, and detrusor must contract.

50
Q

How much do the kidneys process daily?

A

180 L

51
Q

How much of the body’s oxygen do the kidneys use at rest?

A

20-25%

52
Q

What happens in glomerular filtration?

A

It produces cell-free and large to medium sized protein-free filtrate

53
Q

What happens in tubular reabsorption?

A

Selectively returns 99% of substances to blood in renal tubules and collecting ducts

54
Q

What happens in tubular secretion?

A

Selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

55
Q

What is outward pressure?

A

Forces that PROMOTE filtrate formation

56
Q

What is glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)?

A

Chief force pushing H20 and solutes out of blood (55 mmHg)

57
Q

What are inward pressures?

A

Forces that inhibit filtrate formation.

58
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?

A

Filtrate pressure in the capsule (15 mmHg)

59
Q

What is Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)?

A

The pull of proteins in blood (30 mmHg)

60
Q

How do you find Net Filtration Pressure?

A

GBHP - (CHP + BCOP) = NFP

61
Q

What does it mean if the NFP is positive?

A

Filtration is occuring

62
Q

What does it mean if the NFP is negative?

A

Reabsorption is occuring

63
Q

What is the NFP equal to?

A

The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

64
Q

What does the Intrinsic branch control?

A

80-180 mmHg blood pressure.

65
Q

What does the Extrinsic branch control?

A

Anything under 80 mmHg and anything over 180 mmHg

66
Q

What are the two types of autoregulation?

A

Myogenic Mechanism and Tubuloglomerular Feedback Mechanism.

67
Q

What happens if there is an increase in MAP?

A

Myogenic mechanism takes place. Afferent arteriales constrict.

68
Q

What if there is a decrease in MAP?

A

Myogenic mechanism takes place. Dilation of afferent arterioles.

69
Q

What is the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism dependent upon?

A

Flow, directed by macula densa cells of JGC/JGA.

70
Q

Which is the slow acting branch of renal autoregulation?

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

71
Q

Which is the fast acting branch of renal autregulation?

A

Myogenic feedback mechanism

72
Q

What does the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism respond to?

A

Filtrate’s NaCl concentration (filtrate’s osmolarity), and/or flow of filtrate in renal tubules

73
Q

What is the purpose of extrinsic controls?

A

To regulate GFR to maintain systemic BP

74
Q

True or False: Extrinsic controls override renal intrinsic controls if blood volume needs to be increased.

A

True.

75
Q

What do Norephinephrine and Epinephrine cause in the kidneys?

A

Systemic vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels

Strong constriction of afferent arterioles

76
Q

What is ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)?

A

Hormone released by atria when blood pressure increases or blood volume increases

77
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do?

A

Causes relaxation of glomerular mesangial cells, increasing capillary surface area, increasing GFR

78
Q

What is RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System)?

A

When blood pressure/blood volume decreases, this is the main mechanism for increasing BP/Blood Volume

79
Q

What are the three pathways to renin release by Granular cells?

A
  1. Direct stimulation of granular cells by sympathetic nervous system
  2. Stimulation by activated macula densa cells when filtrate NaCl concentration is low
  3. Reduced stretch of granular cells
80
Q

What is anuria, and what measurements decide if you have anuria?

A

Abnormally low urine output.

Less than 50 mL per day

81
Q

What can anuria be an indicator of?

A

Glomerular blood pressure is too low to cause filtration

82
Q

What can renal failure and anuria be results of?

A

Situations in which the nephrons stop functioning, like acute nephritis, transfusion reactions, and crush injuries

83
Q

What are the two routes for tubular reabsorption?

A
  1. Transcellular route (transcellular reabsorption)

2. Paracellular route (paracellular reabsorption)

84
Q

How does transcellular reabsorption work?

A

Solute enters apical membrane of tubule cells
travels through cytosol of tubule cells
exits basolateral membrane of tubule cells
enters blood through endothelium of peritubular capillaries

85
Q

How does paratubular reabsorption work?

A

travels between the tubule cells

86
Q

What is paratubular reabsorption limited by?

A

Tight junctions, leaky in PCT

87
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Increase water reabsorption.
Increases the number of sodium-chloride-potassium symporters
Increases the activity of the sodium potassium pump
Makes aquaporins in principal cells

88
Q

Where is ADH active?

A

Ascending limb, late DCT, collecting duct

89
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increase BP and decrease potassium levels
Makes symporters, increases number of potassium symporters, increase activity of sodium-potassium pump, increased chloride channels

Biology 224 (2 decks)

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