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Histology Cole > Urinary System (Lec 20) > Flashcards

Urinary System (Lec 20) Flashcards

1
Q

What system is responsible for water and electrolyte homeostasis, osmoregulation and acid-base balance

A
  • urinary system
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2
Q

What is the secretory function of the organ system?

A
  • excretion of toxic and metabolic waste products especially urea and creatinine
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3
Q

Urea and creatine are?

A
  • N-containing compounds from metabolism of proteins
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4
Q

what produces uric acid?

A
  • birds and reptiles( more efficient way to excrete) contians 4 nitrogen molecules
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5
Q

What is urea?

A
  • 1 nitrogenous waste product in mammals that is soluble
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6
Q

Is uric acid soluble?

A
  • nope it is insoluble
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7
Q

Can mammals secrete uric acid?

A
  • yes, dalmations

- can be dangerous

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8
Q

What is BUN?

A
  • measurement of blood

- blood urea nitrogen - (includes urea, creatinine, uric acid, and ammonia)

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9
Q

Does the the urinary system metabolize and excrete various drug?

A
  • Yes
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10
Q

What synthesizes renin and maintains normal blood pressure via renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system?

A
  • Kidneys
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11
Q

What produces erythorpoietin?

A
  • kidney
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12
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A
  • stimulates rbc production (erythropoiesis)
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13
Q

What converts vitamin D to its active form?

A
  • liver and kidney
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14
Q

Are kidneys mesenteric organs?

A
  • no they are retroperitoneal organs with fibrous connective tissue capsule
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15
Q

where do blood vessels and ureters enter/exit?

A
  • hilus
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16
Q

What supplies the kidney?

A
  • renal artery
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17
Q

What does the renal artery branch into?

A
  • renal artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery –> then interlobular artery –> affarent arterioles to goleruli
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18
Q

What gives off the affarent arterioles?

A
  • interlobular artery
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19
Q

what is the kindey divided into?

A
  • outer cortex and inner medulla
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20
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A
  • mostly renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules
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21
Q

What does the medulla contain?

A
  • mostly loops of Henle
  • collecting tubules
  • collecting ducts
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22
Q

What lines the renal pelvis/calycx?

A
  • transitional epithelium unique to urinary tract
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23
Q

What does the transitional epithelium tract have?

A
  • varying # of layers- stratified, cuboidal to polygonal, with scalloped outline (= umbrella cells”)
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24
Q

What allows for changing of urine volumes?

A

-the highly distensible transitional epithelium

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25
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A
  • nephron

1 million in each human kidney

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26
Q

Where doe nephrons derive from?

A
  • nephrogenic blastema
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27
Q

What is the neprhogenic blastema a part of?

A
  • part of developing urogenital ridge
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28
Q

What are the three types of nephrons?

A
  • cortical or subcapsular
  • juxtamedullary
  • intermediate
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29
Q

What are the different classifications of nephrons based on?

A
  • location in cortex
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30
Q

______ or ______ are located in outer rim of cortex and have short loops of henle?

A
  • cortical or sub capsular nephrons
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31
Q

_______ nephrons are adjacent to medulla and have long loops of henle

A
  • juxtamedullary
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32
Q

What nephrons have short loops of henle?

A
  • cortical or sub capsular nephrons
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33
Q

What nephrons are located in outer rim of cortex?

A
  • cortical or sub capsular nephrons
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34
Q

What nephrons have long loops of henle?

A
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
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35
Q

Where are juxtamedulary nephrons located?

A
  • adjacent to medulla
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36
Q

______ nephrons are in the middle of the cortex and have intermediate length loops of Henle?

A
  • intermediate nephrons
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37
Q

What are the two major components of the nephron?

A
  • renal corpuscle

- renal tubule

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38
Q

What part of the nephron filters the blood plasma?

A
  • renal corpuscle
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39
Q

What part of the nephron collects filltrate?

A
  • renal tubule
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40
Q

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

A
  • bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
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41
Q

_____ single layer of squamous epithelial cells resting on basement membrane (=parietal layer)

A
  • capsule
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42
Q

What does the capsule form?

A
  • hollow, dilated end of proximal convolated tubule, surrounding glomerulus
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43
Q

What type of epithelium is the capsule?

A
  • flattened squamous epithelial cells
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44
Q

Parietal layer continues onto glomerulus as ______

A
  • visceral layer
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45
Q

What are the highly modified cells of the visceral layer?

A
  • podocytes
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46
Q

Space between visceral and parietal layers is ________

A
  • bowman’s space
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47
Q

What is the function of bowman’s space?

A
  • it collects glomerular filtrate and empties into renal tubule
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48
Q

What do podocytes surround?

A
  • glomuleral capillaries
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49
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A
  • a network of densely packed, anastomosing, fenestrated capillaries
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50
Q

What supplies the golmerulus?

A
  • afferent and efferent arterioles

( unique that there is not a efferent venule with afferent arterioles)

This prevents leakage
(venule too thin)

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51
Q

Blood plasma passes through several cell layers to become _____

A
  • filtrate
52
Q

Where are water and small molecular weight molecules filtered from blood into?

A
  • bowman’s space
53
Q

First layer consists of ?

A
  • capillary endothelial cells of glomerulus and glomerular basement membrane
54
Q

______ surface of capillary endothelium is negatively charged due to surface layer of glycoprotein podocalyxin

A
  • Luminal
55
Q

what is the function of podocalyxin?

A
  • sets up negatively charged barrier, prevents loss of anions, large protein molecules
56
Q

What does glomerular basement membrane do?

A
  • acts as physical barrier and ion- selective filter
57
Q

What is the space between capillary basement membrane and second layer of cells?

A
  • subpodocyte space
58
Q

What are the second layer of cells?

A
  • podocytes
59
Q

What do podocytes do?

A
  • surround glomerular capillaries and posses cytoplasmic extensions know as foot processes
60
Q

Can 1’ foot processes give off 2’ foot process?

A
  • Yes
61
Q

what is the space between foot processes?

A
  • filtration slits
62
Q

What is the size of filtration slits?

A

~40 nm in diameter

63
Q

What lines the filtration slits?

A
  • protein called nephrin which makes up slit diaphragms
64
Q

What is the function of slit diaphragms?

A
  • act as additional barrier

- function to restrict passage of large macromolecules, proteins, negatively charged molecules, and blood cells

65
Q

Do podocytes have a phagocytic function?

A
  • Yes and they can remove trapped macromolecules
66
Q

What ultimately passes into renal tubule?

A
  • ultrafiltrate
67
Q

What are the four distinct zones of the renal tubule?

A
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule/duct
68
Q

Do the four zones of the renal tubule have the same function?

A
  • No each has a different physiological function
69
Q

Where does the renal tubule start?

A
  • bowmans capsule
70
Q

What lines the renal tubule?

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • filtrate produced at rate of ~ 120 ml/min in humans
    (most filtrate later resorbed)
71
Q

What is the primary function of renal tubule?

A
  • selective resorption of water, inorganic ions (Na and bicarbonate) and large molecules like aa’s proteins and glucose from glomerular filtrate
72
Q

What is another function of renal tubule?

A
  • concentration of waster products such as urea, creatinine, and excess H+ and K+
73
Q

Where is the proximal convoluted tubule confined to?

A
  • cortex
74
Q

Where is the primary site of water resorption?

A
  • resorbs ~75% of water and ions (Na, Cl) from filtrate
75
Q

What facilitates water resorption?

A
  • aquaporins
76
Q

What are aquaporins?

A
  • integral proteins forming specialized pores or channels for transport of H20 in brush border of epithelial cells
77
Q

What resorbs all proteins, AA,s and sugars (glucose)

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
78
Q

What epithelium lines the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium with apical microvilli (=brush border)
  • characteristic of proximal convoluted tubule
79
Q

Why are they called PROXIMAL convoluted tuble?

A
  • close or proximal to golmerulus
80
Q

What is characteristic of proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • brush border
81
Q

What are the 4 parts of the loop of henle?

A
  • pars recta (thick descending limb)
  • thin descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
82
Q

where does the bulk of the medulla extend into?

A
  • medulla
83
Q

Thin limbs are long in ____ nephrons and short in _______ nephrons

A
  • jextamedullary, cortical
84
Q

What epithelium does the thin limb have?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
85
Q

What epithelium does the thick limb have?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
86
Q

______ has brush border of apical microvilli

A
  • Pars recta (thick descending limb)

- continuation of proximal convoluted tubule

87
Q

What surrounds the loop of henle?

A
  • peritubular capillary network, called the vasa recta
88
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle?

A
  • to generate high osmotic pressure in ECF of renal medulla
89
Q

How does the loop of henle generate high osmotic pressure?

A
  • via Na-K pumps in thick ascending limb of loop of henle
90
Q

Where are the Na-K pumps in the loop of henle?

A
  • the thick ascending limb
91
Q

Sodium accumulates in medulla due to these pump? T/F

A
  • true
92
Q

The high Na concentration in medulla and low salt/high water resorption in proximal convoluted tubule in cortex produces what?

A
  • cortico-medullary interstitial gradient
93
Q

What does the cortico-medullary intersitital gradient do?

A
  • produces counter current (exhange) multipier system of urine concentration
94
Q

What does the counter current result in?

A
  • production of hypertonic urine
95
Q

What is a continuation of the thick ascending limb of Loop of henle?

A
  • distal convoluted tuble
96
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule located?

A
  • present within the cortex
97
Q

What is the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium

with short apical microvilli

98
Q

Does the distal convoluted tubule have a brush border?

A
  • NOPE
99
Q

What does the distal convoluted tubule do?

A
  • responsible for active resorption of Na and Cl, coupled with secretion of H and K ions
100
Q

_________ is responsible for active resorption of Na and Cl, coupled with secretion of H and K ions

A
  • Distal convoluted tubule
101
Q

What two types of cells control the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • principal cells

- intercalated cells

102
Q

What do principal cells do?

A
  • resorb Na and water, secrete K
103
Q

What do intercalated cells do?

A
  • resorb K, and secrete H
104
Q

_____ resorb Na and water and secrete K

A
  • principal cells
105
Q

______ resorb K and secrete H

A
  • intercalated cells
106
Q

What hormone controls the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • aldosterone (adrenal mineralocorticoid)
107
Q

Why is the two step (two cell type) process important in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • it allows finer titration

- important in acid base balance

108
Q

Why do we have aldosterone to help us conserve sodium?

A
  • the reason is bc sodium is scarce in the environment
  • salt is hard to find other than ocean
  • why it was expensive commodity
  • roman soldiers got paid in salt
109
Q

What is the terminal portion of the nephron?

A
  • collecting tubule
110
Q

several tubules converge to form large _______

A
  • collecting duct
111
Q

Are collecting ducts visible?

A
  • yes as medullary rays
112
Q

What is the epithelium of the collecting tubule?

A
  • simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
113
Q

The straight terminal portion of the nephron is the____

A
  • collecting tubule
114
Q

where do the collecting ducts coverge?

A
  • renal papilla and empty into minor calyces
115
Q

How do the collecting tubules/ducts function?

A
  • function in Na resportion and maintenance of acid-base balance, K secretion and resorption
116
Q

What type of cells do the collecting tubules have?

A
  • principal and intercalated cells
117
Q

T/F epithelial cells of collecting duct are normally impermeable to water

A
  • True
118
Q

What happens to collecting tubules in the presence of ADH?

A
  • collecting tubules become permeable and will resorb water (via aquaporins)
119
Q

What is ADH

A
  • vasopressin
120
Q

What secretes ADH?

A
  • posterior pituitary
121
Q

T/F the collecting tubule does not work in conjunction with Loop of Henle and vasa recta to form counter-current exchange mechanism to concentrate urine

A
  • False it does help with this
122
Q

Collecting tubule are a second major site of urine concentration

A
  • true
123
Q

Proximal convoluted tubules are 2X as long as distal convoluted tubule (and much more convoluted) so most tubules in cortex are proximal

A
  • True
124
Q

____ convoluted tubules more oval to elongate with thinner flatter (but still cuboidal) epithelium

A
  • distal
125
Q

What do we mostly see in medulla?

A
  • Loop of henle
    (smallest tubules, with squamous to cuboidal epithelium)
  • fewer collecting tubules (medium sized) and occasional collecting ducts (largest with simple cuboidal epithelium) and surrounding blood vessels (vasa recta)
126
Q

When talking about specialized structure in kidney typically talking about?

A
  • juxtaglomerular apparatus

Histology Cole (7 decks)

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