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Histology Cole > Oral Cavity and Tooth Development > Flashcards

Oral Cavity and Tooth Development Flashcards

1
Q

What bounds the oral cavity superiorly?

A
  • hard and soft palate
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2
Q

What binds the oral cavity inferiorly?

A
  • tongue and floor of mouth
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3
Q

What binds the oral cavity anterior and lateral?

A
  • teeth
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4
Q

What binds the anterior cavity posteriorly?

A
  • oropharynx
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5
Q

What is the area enclosed between lips and teeth

A
  • vestibule
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6
Q

what is transitional zone between external haired skin and internal oral mucosa?

A
  • vermillion border
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7
Q

Where does the color in the oral cavity come from?

A
  • derived from highly vascular dermis and thin overlying keratinized epidermis
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8
Q

Do the lips have sweat and sebaceous glands?

A
  • nope
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9
Q

Why are the lips highly sensitive?

A
  • due to a rich sensory innervation
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10
Q

What is the oral cavity responsible for?

A
  • ingestion
  • fragmentation
  • moistening of food
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11
Q

______ involves cutting, chewing, and grinding of food by occlusal surfaces of teeth

A
  • Mastication
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12
Q

What forms the dental arcade?

A
  • teeth
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13
Q

What are some other functions the oral cavity is involved in?

A
  • speech
  • facial expression
  • sensory perception
  • respiration
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14
Q

what are the lips themselves know as?

A
  • vermillion border
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15
Q

Why do lips require constant moistening to prevent cracking?

A
  • lack sweat and sebaceous glands
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16
Q

What is the salivary glands role in digestion?

A
  • moistening the food to create bolus for swallowing (deglutition)
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17
Q

What assists the oral cavity in mastication?

A
  • lips
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
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18
Q

_____ non - keratinized mucosa found on inner cheeks, floor of mouth, inferior surface of tongue and soft palate

A
  • lining mucosa
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19
Q

What does non-keratinized mean?

A
  • lacks a stratum corneum
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20
Q

______ present in areas of high abrasion, eg gingiva (gums) and hard palate

A
  • masticatory mucosa
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21
Q

IS the masticatory mucosa keratinized?

A

Yes or

parakeratinized

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22
Q

_____ is when cells of stratum corneum do not lose nuclei

A
  • parakeratinized
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23
Q

What is thicker, parakeratinized or non keratinized?

A
  • parakeratinized
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24
Q

Do the cells at the surface remain living in parakeratinized epithelium?

A
  • yes
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25
Q

_______ mucosa is restricted to dorsal surface of tongue

A
  • specialized mucosa
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26
Q

Is specialized mucosa keratinized?

A
  • Yes
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27
Q

What is the tongue composed of?

A
  • it is a muscular organ composed of interlacing skeletal muscle fibers
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28
Q

_____ is specialized for manipulation of food and sensation of taste

A
  • tongue
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29
Q

Does the the tongue have accessory salivary glands scattered throughout the tongue musculature?

A
  • YES
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30
Q

Where are the salivary glands in the tongue located?

A
  • within lamina propria and between muscle layers
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31
Q

Why does the tongue have such a wide range of movement?

A
  • the orientation of muscle fibers
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32
Q

what innervates the tongue?

A

-various cranial nerves

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33
Q

What nerves innervate the tongue?

A
  • V
  • VII
  • IX
  • X
  • XII
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34
Q

What nerve is responsible for general sensation anterior to sulcus terminalis?

A
  • V
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35
Q

What nerve is responsible for taste?

A
  • VII
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36
Q

What nerve is responsible for general sensation and taste posterior to sulcus terminalis?

A
  • IX
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37
Q

What nerve is responsible for taste and potentially motor?

A
  • X
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38
Q

What nerve is responsible for motor function in the tongue?

A
  • XII
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39
Q

What supports the tongue inferiorly?

A
  • frenulum
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40
Q

_____ is a thin band of connective tissue anchoring tongue to floor of mouth

A
  • frenulum
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41
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is derived from?

A
  • ectoderm
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42
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the tongue is derived from?

A
  • pharynx (mesoderm)
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43
Q

What separates the anterior 2/3 and post. 1/3 of the tongue?

A
  • a groove called sulcus terminalis
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44
Q

What epithelium covers the tongue?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
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45
Q

Is the epithelium of the tongue keratinized?

A
  • only in the anterior 2/3
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46
Q

What shape is the sulcus terminalis?

A
  • V shaped
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47
Q

What is the most numerous lingual papillae?

A
  • filiform papillae
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48
Q

_____ papillae is keratinized, short bristles, distributed in parallel rows

A
  • filiform papillae
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49
Q

Do filiform papillae have taste buds?

A
  • no they are primarily tactile

( prominent in cats) reason cats tongues are so rough

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50
Q

What is the function of filiform papillae in carnivores?

A
  • scrape meat off of bone
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51
Q

______ papillae are mushroom shaped scattered among filiform papillae

A
  • fungiform
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52
Q

What papillae are located in furrows/ridges on lateral portion of tongue?

A
  • foliate papillae
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53
Q

Which papillae is associated with lateral taste buds?

A
  • foliate papillae
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54
Q

What papillae has taste buds in children but degenerates with age?

A
  • foliate papillae
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55
Q

What papillae is associated with salivary glands (von ebner’s glands) at base of papilla?

A
  • foliate papillae
    and
  • circumvallate papillae
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56
Q

_________ papillae - row of 8-12 large dome shaped papillae?

A
  • circumvallate papillae
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57
Q

What papillae is located immediately anterior to sulcus terminalis?

A
  • circumvallate papillae
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58
Q

What papillae is surrounded by moat like sulcus, containing large #’s of taste buds laterally around base?

A
  • circumvallate papillae
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59
Q

Where are taste buds located in humans?

A
  • on papilae of tongue (except filliform)
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60
Q

Where else are taste buds located?

A
  • over palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
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61
Q

What is responsible for change in taste with age?

A
  • taste buds degenerate past age 45
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62
Q

Taste buds

A
  • consists of up to 20-30 spindle shaped central taste cells (= gustatory cells) containing terminal taste hairs
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63
Q

____ project from surface of cell into a central taste pore

A
  • taste hairs
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64
Q

What covers taste hairs

A
  • glycoprotein coat
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65
Q

What surrounds taste hairs?

A
  • sustentacular cells and basal cells
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66
Q

Are taste cells continuously lost and replaced?

A
  • YES
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67
Q

Why do you have decreased sense of taste when you burn mouth?

A
  • you have burned off taste cells that need to regrow
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68
Q

What are the four basic tastes

A
  • sweet, sour, bitter and salty
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69
Q

Do taste cells contain receptors for multiple tastes?

A
  • no but taste buds contain a mixture of taste cells
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70
Q

What papillae do bitter taste receptors concentrate on?

A
  • circumvallate
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71
Q

what acts a carrier medium and stimulates taste hairs?

A
  • saliva
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72
Q

What is the fifth taste that was recently discovered?

A
  • unami (savory)
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73
Q

____ detects certain amino acids including glutamate, aspartate, which is characteristic of asparagus, tomatoes, beef, cheese, and MSG

A
  • unami (savory)
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74
Q

What papillae is umami associated with?

A
  • circumvallate
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75
Q

IS there a genetic basis for taste?

A
  • Yes
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76
Q

How do you taste for taste?

A
  • PTC paper
  • Tasters = bitter
  • Non tasters = nothing
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77
Q

What is the decreased ability to detect taste?

A
  • hypogeusia
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78
Q

What is the condition where taste buds are totally absent?

A
  • Type I familial dysautonomia
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79
Q

Recent evidence for 6th taste for fat

A
  • True
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80
Q

____ is underlying mucosa in caudal 1/3 and is a mass of lymphoid tissue

A
  • lingual tonsil
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81
Q

What do the palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual tonsil make up?

A
  • ring referred to as Waldeyers ring
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82
Q

what is the function of Waldeyers ring?

A
  • to protect respiratory and digestive tract
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83
Q

______ is an extension of posterior free margin of soft palate

A
  • Uvula
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84
Q

what is the central core of the uvula made up of?

A
  • skeletal muscle
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85
Q

What covers the uvula?

A
  • lining mucosa with large numbers of. submucosal (palatine) glands
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86
Q

Does the uvula prevent food from entering nasal cavity during swallowing?

A
  • probably not because the uvula is a single midline structure and the openings to the nasopharynx are paired and lateral
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87
Q

What are the three major pairs of salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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88
Q

What is the largest gland that is located on the cheeks and primarily serous?

A
  • parotid
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89
Q

_____ opens within vestibule, opposite upper 2nd molar

A
  • parotid duct/stenson’s duct
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90
Q

What gland is located below the tongue and mostly mucous?

A
  • sublingual
91
Q

What gland is located inferior and medial to ramus of mandible?

A
  • submandibular
92
Q

Is the submandibular gland a mixed gland?

A
  • Yes
93
Q

What duct opens at sublingual caruncle

A
  • submandibular/Wharton’s duct
94
Q

What are some of the numerous smaller, accessory glands scattered throughout the oral mucosa?

A
  • lingual, labial, buccal, molar and palatine glands
95
Q

What is the function of intercalated ducts?

A
  • secrete HCO3 and resorb Cl
96
Q

What are intercalated ducts?

A
  • small ducts lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
97
Q

What type of cells surround acini and their contraction aids in secretion of saliva into ducts?

A
  • myoepithelial cells
98
Q

Acini are serous or mucous?

A
  • both
99
Q

serous scini of mixed glands often in form of _____

A
  • demilunes
100
Q

what is the epithelium of large striated ducts?

A
  • simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
101
Q

why are they called striated ducts?

A
  • possess basal striations due to folding of plasma membrane
102
Q

what is the function of striated ducts?

A
  • resorb Na, secrete K into saliva, and also secrete lysozyme and IgA
103
Q

What do striated ducts empty into?

A
  • large excretory ducts
104
Q

What is the epithelium of large excretory ducts?

A
  • stratified cuboidal
    or
  • pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
105
Q

What leads to thick viscous saliva that is rich in protein (mucus)

A
  • sympathetic stimulation

inhibits aqueous secretion

106
Q

What stimulation results in copious watery saliva?

A
  • parasympathetic stimulation
107
Q

What does saliva contain?

A
  • water
  • glycoproteins (mucus)
  • proteins (enzymes and antibodies)
108
Q

What enxyme converts starch to sugar?

A
  • amylase
109
Q

What enzyme is an antibacterial?

A
  • lysozyme
110
Q

What antibodies are present in saliva?

A
  • IgA

- inorganic ions (Ca, P, Cl)

111
Q

Saliva is also high in K, low in Na, and high in bicarbonate (HCO3-)

A

True

112
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A
  • moistens oral mucosa and dry food
  • provides carrier medium for sense of taste
  • buffering via high bicarbonate content
  • digestion of carbohydrates via amylase
  • immunologic function (secretion of IgA)
  • control of bacterial flora
113
Q

How does saliva have a role in control of bacterial flora?

A
  • proteins in saliva cover teeth with acquired pellicle
  • pellicle contains Ab’s that prevent tooth decay
  • decreased salivary production exacerbates tooth decay
114
Q

What is the portion of tooth that projects into oral cavity?

A
  • crown
115
Q

What protects the crown?

A
  • layer of highly mineralized enamel
116
Q

_____ is a hard translucent substance containing less than 1% organic material and 96-98% hydroxyapatite

A
  • enamel
117
Q

What part of jaw is the tooth embedded in?

A
  • alveolar ridge
118
Q

Tooth socket

A
  • alveolus
119
Q

What secretes enamel?

A
  • tall, columnar ameloblasts of enamel organ
120
Q

What does the apical secretory end of ameloblast form?

A
  • single large tomes process
121
Q

Is enamel mineralization uniform?

A
  • no it is non uniform and results in highly calcified enamel rods or prisms
122
Q

What shape are the enamel rods?

A
  • hexagonal
123
Q

What separates the enamel rods?

A
  • less mineralized interprismatic material
124
Q

Enamel rods extend from ameloblasts at enamel surface to dentino-enamel junction

A
  • true
125
Q

Each prisms is product of single ameloblast T/F

A
  • true
126
Q

What makes up of the bulk of the tooth?

A
  • dentin
127
Q

Is dentin more or less mineralized than enamel?

A
  • less
128
Q

What secretes dentin?

A
  • odontoblasts of dental papilla
129
Q

Is dentin mineralized as it is secreted?

A
  • no it is non mineralized pre-dentin
130
Q

Dentin is more mineralized than bone (T/F)

A
  • True
131
Q

Dentin contains type 1 collagen and GAG’s? (T/F)

A
  • True
132
Q

_____ is arranged in dentine tubules

A
  • dentin
133
Q

Dentine tubules

A
  • hollow, parallel tubes radiating from pulp cavity
134
Q

Dentine tubules contain

A

-long rod like cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts (tomes fibers)

135
Q

______ contains support structures like sensory nerves and blood vessels

A
  • central pulp cavity
136
Q

_______ is mesodermal in origin; and resembles primitive mesenchyme

A
  • dental pulp
137
Q

What does the dental pulp contain?

A
  • stellate fibroblasts
  • reticular fibers
  • collagen
  • ground substance
138
Q

How is the pulp supplied?

A
  • richly supplied by capillaries from arterioles running with periodontal ligament
139
Q

Dental pulp has stem cell capabilities

A
  • yes
140
Q

Dentine innervated by myelinated nerves

A
  • True
141
Q

What covers the tooth root?

A
  • thin layer of cementum (also mesodermal)
142
Q

What is the composition of cementum?

A
  • amorphous, collagen-based, calcified tissue

- 45-50% hydroxyapatite similar to bone

143
Q

What forms cementum?

A
  • cementoblasts (mature into cementocytes)
144
Q

How is the cementum layer anchored to bone of alveolus?

A
  • with fibers of periodontal ligament or membrane
145
Q

What is the peridontal ligament made up of?

A
  • composed of dense collagenous fibers called sharpey’s fibers
146
Q

At what angle do the sharpeys fibers run?

A
  • oblique angle
147
Q

Does the peridontal ligament allow movement?

A
  • yes during mastication if not chewing would be extremely painful
148
Q

What are epithelial rests of Malassez?

A
  • occasional clusters of epithelial cells within periodontal ligament
149
Q

What is the region of tooth between root and crown?

A
  • neck
150
Q

What protects the neck of the tooth?

A

masticatory oral mucosa called gingiva (covers upper portion of alveolar ridge)

151
Q

What gingiva covers upper alveolar bone?

A
  • attached gingiva
152
Q

What gingiva forms cuff around neck of tooth

A
  • free gingiva
153
Q

What is the space between gingiva and crown?

A
  • gingival sulcus or crevice
154
Q

what lines the gingiva?

A
  • crevicular epithelium
155
Q

______ is very thin (only 2-3 cells thick, easily breached by bacteria)

A
  • crevicular epithelium
156
Q

What does breaching of the crevicular epithelium by bacteria lead to?

A
  • peridontal disease and gingivitis
157
Q

What are the tissues that surround and support the tooth collectively reffered to as?

A
  • peridontium
158
Q

what includes the peridontium?

A
  • epithelium
  • cementum
  • periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
159
Q

What forms the developing tooth bud?

A
  • ameloblasts of enamel organ and odontoblasts of dental papilla
160
Q

Tooth is formed between opposing layers of what epithelial cells?

A
  • ameloblasts of enamel organ

- odontoblasts of dental papilla

161
Q

what is the origin of enamel?

A
  • ectodermal origin
162
Q

What develops from the mesodermal region?

A
  • Dentine
  • Cementum
  • Pulp
  • Peridontal ligament
163
Q

during what week of fetal development does a horseshoe-shaped ridge arise from oral epithelium?

A
  • 6th week
164
Q

what does the horseshoe epithelial ridge form?

A
  • dental lamina in position of future jaws
165
Q

What develops in each quadrant?

A
  • lamina develops several globular, ectodermal swellings (one for each deciduous tooth)
166
Q

What does the superficial half forms?

A
  • enamel organs
167
Q

What does the deep half form?

A
  • dental papilla
168
Q

Odontogenesis steps

A
  1. Enamel organ initially cup-shaped (cap stage)

2. Cells of enamel organ progressively differentiate to become stellate reticulum (with extreacellular matrix of GAG’s)

169
Q

The outer convex surface of the bell shaped enamel organ becomes?

A
  • external enamel epithelium
170
Q

The inner concave surface of enamel organ form?

A
  • internal enamel epithelium
171
Q

What does the internal enamel epithelium differentiate into?

A
  • tall columnar ameloblasts
172
Q

Amelogenesis

A
  • enamel formation
173
Q

what produces enamel?

A
  • ameloblasts
174
Q

What does the primitave mesenchyme develop into?

A
  • dental papilla
175
Q

What do the cells lining the convex surface of dental papilla develop into?

A
  • odontoglasts
176
Q

Dentinogenesis

A
  • dentin formation
177
Q

What does it mean that these two cell layers in apposition

A
  • tooth forms between them
178
Q

What do the two cell layers form

A
  • future incisors, canine, molars of primary dentition
179
Q

What induces the differentiation of odontoblasts?

A
  • development of ameloblasts
180
Q

What induces the deposition of enamel?

A
  • calcification of dentin
181
Q

What initiates tooth formation?

A
  • deposition of organic pre-dentine by odontoblasts on surface of dental papilla
182
Q

What induces enamel production by ameloblasts?

A
  • calcification of dentin matrix
183
Q

What form the dentin tubules?

A
  • odontoblasts process that are embedded in dentin matrix
184
Q

Where does enamel form?

A
  • enamel rods separated by interprismatic material
185
Q

What becomes the dental pulp?

A
  • dental papilla
186
Q

when do enamel organ and ameloblasts degenerate?

A
  • at time of tooth eruption
187
Q

How does tooth erupt?

A
  • overlying mucosa separates exposing crown
188
Q

T/F After tooth formation is complete small amounts of 2’ continue to be produced and this makes the tooth stronger.

A
  • False it can obliterate the pulp cavity
189
Q

What determines overall shape of tooth crown?

A
  • enamel organ
190
Q

Outer rim of enamel organ know as __________________ determines cross sectional outline of tooth?

A
  • epithelial sheath of Hertwig = (Hertwig’s root sheath)
191
Q

What does the surrounding mesenchyme form?

A
  • dental follicle (leads to periodontal ligament)
192
Q

What do the enamel organs of permanent teeth develop as?

A
  • buds from dental lamina and deciduous enamel organ
193
Q

in case of molars

A
  • dental lamina proliferates caudally to form enamel organs of 2’ dentition
194
Q

When does tooth development begin?

A
  • 6th week of fetal development
195
Q

When does tooth eruption occur?

A
  • 6-30 months after birth (breast feeding stops here)
196
Q

If administered during development of permanent dentition what leads to yellow discoloration of teeth?

A
  • Tetracycline
197
Q

How many primary teeth do humans have?

A
  • 20
198
Q

How many permanent teeth do humans have?

A
  • 32
199
Q

How many primary molars do humans have ?

A
  • 2
200
Q

Human dental formula

A

I 2/2 C1/1 P 2/2 M 3/3

201
Q

When do molars erupt?

A
  • no precursors

- 6, 12, and 18 -21 years of age

202
Q

Homodont dentition

A
  • all teeth similar
203
Q

Incisors

A
  • modified for cutting and biting
204
Q

Canines

A
  • for puncturing and holding
205
Q

Tongue stud

A
  • has distinct arc like wear pattern on backs of incisors
206
Q

TMJ

A
  • allows lateral and anterior posterior motion which is important for chewing and grinding
207
Q

Raised points on occlusal surfaces of molars and premolarls know as ____

A
  • cusps

- (include protocone, metacone, paracone)

208
Q

The flattened posterior surface of lower molars know as_____

A
  • talonid
209
Q

Premolars and molars can be low crowned or ______ inn omnivores

A
  • bunodont
210
Q

May be very tall high crowned _____ as in herbivores

A
  • hypsodont
211
Q

Premolars variously modified shearing _______ in carnivores

A
  • carnassials

act like scissors to shear meat off of bone

212
Q

How can predict age of horse?

A
  • enamel wear pattern
213
Q

Hadrosaur teeth

A
  • dental batteries
  • fused plates of teeth
  • leaflike arrangements
  • can see enamel rods
214
Q

Multituberculates teeth

A
  • function as grinding wheel

- millstone function

215
Q

How is orthodontic correction by?

A
  • osteoblast and osteoclast activity
216
Q

_____ results when weak acids in food and drink erode calcified enamel augmented by bacterial action

A
  • dental caries
217
Q

____ helps harden enamel and kills bacteria

A
  • fluoride
218
Q

caries may extend into dentin or pulp cavity produce abscesses or death of tooth and leads to

A
  • root canal
219
Q

Why are vitamin C tablets dangerous?

A
  • they can lead to acid deposition in teeth that destroy teeth
220
Q

_______ is caused by accumulation of calcified food and bacterial debris in gingival sulcus

A
  • periodontal disease
221
Q

What does periodontal disease lead to?

A
  • widening of gingival sulcus, possible inflammation and destruction of periodontal ligament
222
Q

Gingivitis

A
  • inflammation of gums
223
Q

Periodontitis

A
  • inflammation of periodontal ligament

Histology Cole (7 decks)

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