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SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 3 > Urinary System IV > Flashcards

Urinary System IV Flashcards

1
Q

Iodine in the kidney: what happens and what does it look like?

A
  • Amyloid reacts with iodine and can give a BLACK colour
    o Many little black dots
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2
Q

What should you think of if you find protein urea with NO inflammation with the urinary tract?

A
  • Amyloidosis OR glomerular disease
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3
Q

What is amyloid?

A
  • Protein that is normally made by the kidney
  • *problem if it is misfolded
    o Occurs in chronic conditions
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4
Q

Amyloid deposition in DOGS

A
  • **in glomeruli
  • Get high proteinuria
  • *exception is shar-peis dogs (familial amyloidosis)
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5
Q

Amyloid deposition in cats

A
  • *in medulla
  • Low or no proteinuria
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6
Q

Suppurative glomerulitis

A
  • Secondary to septicemia
  • *many yellow dots in the kidney=suppurative (pus)
  • Ex. Actionbacillus equuli infection in young foals
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7
Q

What are some diseases of the tubules?

A
  1. Fanconi-like syndrome
  2. Acute tubular necrosis due to
    a. Ischemia
    b. Nephrotoxins
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8
Q

You have a Basenji dog with polyuria and polydipsia, normoglycemia, and glucose urea, what is it?

A
  • Fanconi-like syndrome
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9
Q

What is Fanconi-like syndrome?

A
  • Inherited proximal tubule defect
  • Abnormal structure of brush borders of proximal tubules
    o Causes failure of resorption of glucose, AA, phosphorus and bicarbonate
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10
Q

What happens if a dog does not pee for a long time?

A
  • Increased potassium
  • *life threatening hyperkalemia
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11
Q

Acute tubular necrosis (nephrosis)

A
  • Common cause of acute renal failure
  • Usually get decreased or even no urine production
  • Clinical presentation: oliguria or anuria
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12
Q

What does acute tubular necrosis result from?

A
  • Severe and almost diffuse necrosis of proximal tubules
    o First to receive what is in the filtrate and are metabolically very active
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13
Q

Why does acute tubular necrosis happen?

A
  • Leakage of urine outside the tubules
  • Blockage of tubules and backflow of urine
  • Vasoconstriction and decreased GFR at glomerulus
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14
Q

What are the 2 main causes of acute tubular necrosis?

A
  1. Low renal perfusion
    a. Cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic or neurogenic
  2. Toxins
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15
Q

Acute tubular necrosis GROSSLY

A
  • Can be difficult to recognizes
  • *cortex may be pale and bulge on cross section and be finely granular
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16
Q

What are the common examples of low perfusion leading to acute tubular necrosis in dogs and cats?

A
  • Cardiac failure
  • Deep anaesthesia
  • Severe blood loss
  • Profound dehydration
  • Pigmentary nephrosis
17
Q

What are the common examples of low perfusion leading to acute tubular necrosis in cattle?

A
  • Endotoxemia
    o Mastitis
    o GI diseases (ex. severe enteritis and grain overload)
  • Pigmentary nephrosis
18
Q

Hemoglobinuric nephrosis or myoglobinuricnephrosis

A
  • Black or dark brown
  • *too much Hg or Mg being delivered
  • See dark brown urine
  • *NOT directly toxic but can exacerbate ischemic injury to tubules
19
Q

What can lead to hemoglobinuria?

A
  • Intravascular hemolysis
    o IMHA
    o Chronic copper toxicity (sheep and cattle)
    o Leptospirosis (cattle and dogs)
20
Q

What can lead to myoglobinuria?

A
  • Rhabdomyolysis
    o Azoturia (horses)
    o Capture myopathy (wild animals)
    o Trauma (all species)
21
Q

Acute tubular necrosis due to nephrotoxin: example

A
  • Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol
    o Metabolizes to toxic metabolites (glycolate and oxalate metabolites)
  • *damage to kidneys and affects CNS resulting in nervous signs
  • *cats more susceptible but toxicity is LESS common
22
Q

What do you use to diagnosis EG toxicity?

A
  • Ca-oxalate crystals in urine=filtered through glomeruli and cause damage to
    o May see hypocalcaemia as a result
    o Can also see on histo-section=fluoresce under UV light
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Very high metabolic acidosis and very high anion gap
23
Q

Why are renal tubules (especially proximal convoluted) susceptible to toxins?

A
  • High metabolic activity
  • Exposure to large volume of ultrafiltrate
24
Q

Melamine toxicity

A
  • Normal component of plastic (high nitrogen component)
    o Some put it in food to make it look like there was protein in it
25
Q

Raisins or grapes: dogs ONLY

A
  • Unknown mechanism
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • *not all dogs are affected equally
26
Q

Lilly toxicity: cats

A
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • *see at easter time
27
Q

What are the 2 diseases of the renal pelvis?

A
  • Hydronephorsis
  • Pyelonephritis
28
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • Inflammation of renal PELVIS with extension into tubules and interstitium
  • Ascending bacterial infection from lower UT
  • *more common in FEMALES
  • *form of suppurative tubulointerstitial nephritis

SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY 3 (6 decks)

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