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CRRAB II > Urinary System Histology (Shaw) - W1 > Flashcards

Urinary System Histology (Shaw) - W1 Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the outer and inner layer of teh connective tissue capsules of the kidney?

A
  1. Outer layer = fibroblasts that make collagen
  2. Inner layer = myofibroblasts
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2
Q

What structures are found in the cortex of the kidney parenchyma?

A
  • Renal corpuscles
  • medullary RAYS that consist of
    • straight tubules &
    • collecting ducts
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3
Q

What structures are found in the medulla of the kidney?

A
  • pyramids - straight tubules and collecting ducts
  • Vasa recta - capillaries
  • Renal columns - part of the CORTEX that spills into the medulla
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4
Q

What connects at the renal sinus (4 things)?

A
  1. Renal pelvis
  2. calyces - both MAJOR and MINOR
  3. nerves and vessels
  4. connective tissue (fat)
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5
Q

What are the features of a lobe of the kidney?

A
  • see GROSSLY
  • includes the medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue
  • will have as many lobes as there are pyramids
  • human kidney has 8-18 lobes
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6
Q

What are the features of a lobule?

A
  • see MICROSCOPIC
  • includes the straight tubules from MEDULLARY RAYS and surrounding cortical tissue (multiple nephrons)
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7
Q

Where do the collecting ducts drain into and what area is surround it?

A
  • drain into the renal papilla
  • calyx surrounds renal papilla
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8
Q

What are 4 structures seen in a uriniferous tubule?

A
  • Nephron
  • collecting tubule
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus
  • blood vessels
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9
Q

Functional components of a nephron:

A
  • Renal corpuscle
    • ​Bowman’s capsule
    • Glomerulus
  • Tubular portion
    • ​proximal convoluted tubule
    • Loop of Henle
    • Distal convoluted tubule
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10
Q

4 types of blood vessels that supply the kidney/nephron:

A
  1. Glomerular capillaries
  2. peritubular capillary networks
  3. Vasa recta
  4. larger supplying and draining vessels
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11
Q

What are the features of bowman’s capusle, part of the renal corpuscle of a nephron?

A
  • 2 layers
    • parietal - outside the space
    • visceral- right along glomerulus
  • 2 poles
    • urinary
    • vascular
  • capsular space (Bowman’s space)
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12
Q

What are the features of the glomerulus, part of the renal corpuscle of a nephron?

A
  • ENTIRELY arteriole vascular apparatus - afferent and efferent arterioles
  • Fenestrated capillaries in the capsule
  • Special cells
    • podocytes - SLIT PORES in visceral layer of Bowman’s capusle - 1’ and 2’ processes
    • Mesangial cells - many functions, similar to pericytes
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13
Q

What makes up the filtration apparatus of the glomerulus? - designed to limit filtration

A
  1. fenestrated capillary endothelium
  2. basement membrane - has endothelial cells, podocytes
    1. rich in proteoglycans, glycoproteins
  3. Slit pores on podocytes- outer most barrier
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14
Q

What are the functions of the mesangial cells of the glomerulus?

A
  1. phagocytosis and endocytosis to CLEAN GBM and slits
  2. GBM TURNOVER
  3. Structural support - secrete matrix
  4. secrete IL-1, PGE2, PDGF - found in the matrix
  5. moderate glomerular distention by contracting
    1. can push blood through
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15
Q

Where are proximal tubules FOUND, what is their FUNCTION, and what are their DISTINGUISHING TRAITS?

A
  • make up the bulk of CORTEX
  • Traits
    • FUZZY BRUSH BORDER
    • eosinophilic - cuboidal epithelium
    • lateral membrane folding
    • basal folds have mitochrondia
  • Function
    • ​REABSORB water and NaCl (65%)
    • glucose + amino acids
    • protein absorption
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16
Q

What are the cells that make up the THIN SEGMENTS?

A
  • SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
  • NO brush border
  • surrounded by capillaries - VASA RECTA
17
Q

What are the features of the DISTAL STRAIGHT tubules?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • less eosinophilic
  • LARGE lumen
  • NO brush border
  • more nuclei around circumferance
  • BASAL MEMBRANE FOLDS & mito
18
Q

What are the features of the distal convoluted tubules and what do they respond to?

A
  • begin at VASCULAR POLE of renal corpuscle
  • have ARCHED and STRAIGHT PORTIONS
  • terminal portions open at area cribosa into minor calyces
  • cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • TWO CELL TYPES
    • LIGHT STAINING - collecting duct cells
    • DARK STAINING - intercalaled cells
  • respond to ADH to increase tubule peremability to water
    • helps form CONCENTRATED URINE
19
Q

What cells make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus, where are they found, and what are its FUNCTIONS?

A
  • CELLS
    • Juxtaglomerular cells - modified SMOOTH MUSCLE - respond to degree of stretch
    • macula densa - monitors Na+ concentration in distal tubule
    • extraglomerular mesangial cells
  • FOUND
    • inside the afferent arteriole next to distal tubule (touches macula densa)
  • FUNCTION - maintain normal blood pressure
20
Q

Explain the NERVE supply to the kidneys

A
  • Sympathetic division supplies EXTRINSIC –> CONTRACTS vascular smooth muscle
    • afferent arteriole - contraction –> REDUCED filtration rate (and urine output)
    • efferent arteriole - contraction –> INCREASED filtration (and urine output)
  • NO sympathetic innervation = increased urine output
  • not necessary for renal function
21
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureter? (similar in the urinary bladder)

A
  1. MUCOSA
    1. Transitional epithelium - only found in the urinary system
    2. lamina propria - loose CT, blood vessels, nerves
  2. MUSCULARIS - inner longitudinal, outer circular smooth muscle
  3. ADVENTITIA - fibrous connective tissue
22
Q

What are the components of the female urethra?

A
  • shorter than males
  • Mucosa
    • transitional epithelium near bladder - pseudostratified columnar after
    • lamina propria
  • Muscular wall (mostly smooth muscle)
23
Q

What are the components of the male urethra?

A
  • 3 sections of mucosa
    • Prostatic: transitional epithlium
    • MEmbranous: pseudostratified columnar
    • Cavernous/spongy/penile:
      • stratified or pseudostratified columnar - becomes stratified squamous distally
24
Q

What is shown by the white arrows?

A
  • Medullary ray - collection of straight tubules in the kidneys cortex
  • straight tubules include: proximal straight tubules, distal straight tubules, thin segments of the loops of Henle, and collecting tubules
  • medullary rays form core of kidney lobule
25
Q

What is shown in the image?

A

Proximal tubule

26
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Thin Segment

27
Q

What is shown by the arrow?

A

Distal tubule

28
Q

What is shown by the arrow?

A

collecting tubule

29
Q

What is shown in the image?

A
  • macula densa
30
Q

What is indicated by the arrows?

A

Vascular pole

31
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Urinary pole

32
Q

What is indicated by the arrows?

A

Glomerular capillaries

33
Q

What is shown in the image

A

Ureter

  • arrow = inner mucosa with transitional epithelium
  • LP = lamina propria
  • M = muscularis w/smooth muscle
  • A= adventitia
34
Q

What is shown in the image?

A

Bladder

35
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

transitional epithelium

36
Q

What is indicated by the arrow?

A

Peritubular capillary network

37
Q

What is shown at the tip of the arrow?

A

interlobular artery

38
Q

What is the area cribosa?

A
  • name given to tip of papilla
  • has 10-25 small openings where tubules open into minor calyx

CRRAB II (26 decks)

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