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Structure and function > Urinary system and water/ electrolyte balance > Flashcards

Urinary system and water/ electrolyte balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major sites of ion and water exchange in the body?

A

Skin
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Excretory system

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2
Q

Give a basic overview of osmoregulation in freshwater fish.

A

Uptake of water and some ions in food
Uptake of salt ions by gills
Osmotic water gain through gills and other parts of body surface
Excretion of large amounts of water in dilute urine from kidneys

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3
Q

What is metabolic water?

A

Water produced by the catabolism of food stuffs

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4
Q

Why is there obligatory respiratory water loss?

A

Aerobic catabolism requires oxygen

When animals breath to obtain oxygen they lose water by evaporation

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5
Q

Why is there obligatory urinary water loss?

A

Loss of urine water is mandated by ingestion of food molecules
Protein catabolism is usual cause of loss as it produces nitrogenous wastes (urea in mammals) that must be excreted

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6
Q

What is obligatory faecal water loss?

A

Loss of water that must occur in faeces for food catabolism to take place

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7
Q

How do Desert Kangaroo Rats avoid dehydration without access to water to drink? When fed only air-dried barley grain

A

Able to gain metabolic water in a net fashion by metabolising barley

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of regulation relating to the composition of blood plasma?

A

Osmotic regulation
Ionic regulation
Volume regulation

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9
Q

What does it mean if an exchange of ions and water between an animal and its environment is obligatory?

A

Responding to factors beyond the animal’s physiological control

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10
Q

What does it mean if an exchange of ions and water between an animal and its environment is regulated?

A

Physiologically controlled and required for maintaining homeostasis

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11
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Maintenance of a constant or nearly constant osmotic pressure in the blood plasma

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12
Q

What is an osmoregulator?

A

An aquatic animal that actively regulates the osmolarity of its extracellular fluid

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13
Q

What is an osmoconformer?

A

An aquatic animal that equilibrates the osmolarity of its extracellular fluid to be the same as that of the external environment

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14
Q

Why do freshwater organisms face challenges with volume, osmotic and ionic regulation?

A

Because water constantly enters the body from the dilute environment due to osmotic gradient
Entering water decreases osmotic pressure of ECF
Ions constantly moving from ECF to surrounding water and entering water dilutes

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15
Q

How do marine animals prevent water loss?

A

Integuments and epithelia of marine fishes are poorly penetrable to water
Marine fishes drink water and absorb it via gut epithelia
Kidneys produce small amounts of isosmotic urine

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16
Q

Define stenohaline animal.

A

Animal with tolerance to only a narrow range of salt concentrations

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17
Q

Define euryhaline animal.

A

Animal with tolerance to wide variance of salt concentration

18
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A

Removal of organic waste products
Regulation of volume and solute concentration of blood plasma
Elimination of waste products into the environment

19
Q

Where are the kidneys?

A

Either side of the midline on the posterior wall of the abdomen
Behind parietal peritoneum, surrounded by adipose tissue

20
Q

Where are the adrenal glands?

A

On the top of each kidney

21
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Cortex and medulla

22
Q

Which kidney is located slightly inferior to the other?

A

The right kidney is located slightly inferior to the left

23
Q

What is the purpose of adipose tissue around the kidneys?

A

Protection

Support and cushioning

24
Q

Describe the shape of the kidneys.

A

Indented ovoid, bean shaped

Around 10cm long, 5cm wide and 2.5 cm thick

25
Q

What is the functional unit in the renal lobe?

A

Nephron

26
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Hollow muscular tubes 25-30cm in length which propel urine from the kidney to the bladder
Located in both the abdomen and pelvis

27
Q

How is back flow from into the ureters from the bladder prevented?

A

When the bladder is full, compression closes off the ureters (valves)

28
Q

Describe the length and position of the female urethra.

A

4-5cm long

Passes through the pelvic floor and opens anterior to vagina

29
Q

What is the length of the male urethra? What shape is it and what are the 4 regions?

A

20cm long
S shaped
Pre-prostatic, prostatic, membranous, penile

30
Q

What are the main functions of the mammalian kidney?

A 
Water balance
Osmotic balance
Ion balance
pH balance
Excretion of waste 
Hormone production
Regulation of blood pressure
31
Q

What are the 4 principle processes in urine formation by the mammalian kidneys?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion

32
Q

What is the Starling principle of fluid exchange?

A

The direction of fluid flow across a capillary wall is the result of Net Filtration Pressure

33
Q

What is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

Around 75% of water, sodium and chloride ions from the primary urine

34
Q

Osmotic pressure ….. with depth in the medulla of the mammalian kidney. [increases or decreases]

A

Osmotic pressure increases with depth in the medulla of the mammalian kidney.

35
Q

Why is there a steep osmotic gradient in the inner medulla?

A

To facilitate constant reabsorption of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle
Important for keeping equally high concentration in most distal segment of collecting duct and thus in final product: urine

36
Q

What do the urea transport proteins do?

A

UT-A1 and UT-A3
Uniporters
Facilitate passive diffusion of urea from intertubular to interstitial fluid
Increases osmotic pressure, leading to reabsorption of water

37
Q

How are the urea transporters UT-A1 and UT-A3 controlled?

A

Hormonal control

Vasopressin (ADH) upregulates expression

38
Q

What do the Juxtaglomerular cells produce?

A

Renin

39
Q

What is renin?

A

Enzyme released from kidneys in response to a drop in the glomerular filtration rate
Together with angiotensin converting enzyme, it converts an inactive protein in the blood into angiotensin

40
Q

What is an aquaporin?

A

Transport protein in plant and cell membranes through which water passes in osmosis

41
Q

What is angiotensin?

A

Peptide hormone that raises blood pressure by causing peripheral tissues to constrict
Maintains glomerular filtration by constricting efferent vessels and stimulates thirst and the release of aldosterone

Structure and function (10 decks)

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