Circulatory Systems :) Flashcards
What is positive pressure?
The act of pushing contents forward due to pressure from behind.
What is negative pressure?
The act of drawing contents in via a vacuum or loss of a substance
What are some of the issues with positive pressure?
- Providing sufficient force for movement
- Allowing for stress points
- Avoiding blockages
- Moving against gravity
How are some of the issues with positive pressure overcome?
- Bulk flow
- Physical properties of channels
- Pumps
- Differing between closed and open systems.
What are some of the challenges associated with negative pressure?
- Providing sufficient suction
- Not allowing embolisms
- Countering elasticity (Avoiding collapse)
- Gravity
How do we overcome some of the issues with negative pressure?
- Physical properties of vessels – capillary action
- Solid walls for vessels – no elasticity
- Closed vs open systems
- Valves
What are some problems with transport faced by plants?
- No pump – must use physics to move things
- Need to transport water and sugars in two different directions
- Height – how to defy gravity
- How to load the transport system
- How to regulate flow rate
- In addition to bulk flow of metabolites, the transport system must also provide physical support
In what direction does the phloem carry minerals?
Shoots to roots
In what direction does the xylem carry minerals?
Roots to shoots.
Name to two types of cell present in the phloem and what connects them.
Sieve elements and companion cells, linked by plasmodesmata.
Name some features of Sieve elements
- Living cells
- No nucleus
- Few Organelles
- Clear to enable fast flow through cells.
How does bulk flow in the phloem occur?
- Sucrose is actively transported into companion cells at source
- Water potential decreases in companion cell
- Water moves into companion cell by osmosis
- Increases pressure potential at source end of phloem
- Forces sap down sieve-tube elements to sink
How is the Xylem formed?
- Elongation stops
- Secondary walls continue to thicken
- Areas of primary wall left without secondary thickening ( pits)
- Cell dies, leaving hollow tube
- Pits enable water to flow between tubes
What is the main difference between Tracheids and Vessel elements?
In Tracheids, water moves only through pits, hence is slow.
In Vessel elements water moves through pits and end wall perforations, which is much faster.
How is negative pressure formed in the Xylem?
Transpiration of water out of the leaf - Cohesion of water molecules translates this pull throughout the xylem - Adhesion of water molecules to the xylem walls allows them to counteract against gravity.
What are the four main functions of a circulatory system?
- Distribution of nutrients.
- Support for metabolism
- Distribution of water and electrolytes
- Transportation and distribution of hormones.
What are the four principle components of a circulatory system?
- A fluid that circulates through the system
- A propulsive mechanism which drives fluid flow by applying force
- A system of channels through which the fluid flows
- A system of one way valves or septa to ensure unidirectional flow.
What are features of an open circulation system?
- Fluid is open to body cavities and cells
- Found in most molluscs, arthropods and some annelids
- Low pressure system
What are some features of a closed circulation system?
- Fluid is enclosed within the system and does not come into contact with cells directly.
- Found in all vertebrates, cephalopod molluscs and some annelids.
- High pressure system.
Which is more efficient, an open or a closed circulatory system?
Closed :)
What fluid is found in open circulatory systems?
Haemolymph
What fluid is found in closed circulatory systems?
Blood (Duh)
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output = Heart rate x Stroke Volume (Fuck you Poh)
Name the two phases of he cardiac cycle
Systole and Diastole
What is Systole?
Contraction of a chamber (e.g. Atrial systole is the contraction of atria) and ejection of blood
What is Diastole?
Relaxation and filling
What does the heart look like?
<3
What is the protective “sac” that the heart is surrounded by called?
The Pericardium
What are the functions of the pericardium?
Free movement and the prevention of over-expansion of the heart
Which part of the pericardium is responsible for which function?
Serous Pericardium - Freedom of movement
Fibrous Pericardium-
Prevention of overexpansion
What are the three cell layers in the heart?
Endocardium (Lining)
Myocardium (Muscle Layer)
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
Define blood pressure
The difference between the pressure within the system and the ambient pressure
WOULD RECOMMEND LOOKING AT SARAH HALLS LAST LECTURE FOR SOME MORE MATHSY PHYSICSY STUFF
:)
