Urinary System and Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
External Anatomy of the Kidney
A
- Size of a bar of soap
- Contains Hilum
2
Q
Hilum of the Kidney
A
Where the Ureter, Renal Artery and Vein, Lymphatic Vessels and Nerves, enter and exit the Kidney
3
Q
What surrounds the Kidney?
A
Tough, Fibrous Renal Capsule
4
Q
Perirenal or Perinephric Fat
A
Protective layer of adipose tissue surrounding the Renal Capsule
5
Q
Internal Anatomy of the Kidney contains what 2 regions?
A
Outer Cortex and Inner Medulla
6
Q
Within the Inner Medulla
A
- Renal Pyramids
- Renal Columns
7
Q
Renal Columns do what?
A
Separate the Renal Pyramids
8
Q
Renal Columns and Renal Cortex are made up of the same what?
A
Tissue type
9
Q
Nephron begins where?
A
In the Cortex and extends into and through the Medulla
10
Q
Nephron
A
Functional Unit of the Kidney
11
Q
Urine formed in the Nephron flows first into the what?
A
Minor Caylx
12
Q
After Urine flows into the Minor Caylx, where does it go next?
A
Major Caylx
13
Q
After Urine reaches the Major Caylx, where does it flow?
A
Through the Renal Pelvis to the Ureter
14
Q
After Urine flows through the Renal Pelvis to the Ureter, where does it go?
A
Into the Urinary Bladder, through the Urethra and out the body
15
Q
Each afferent Arteriole divides into a capillary network, called what?
A
Glomerulus
16
Q
The capillaries derived from the Afferent Arteriole dividing reunite to form a what?
A
Efferent Arteriole
17
Q
An Efferent Arteriole forms what?
A
Network of Peritubular Capillaries
18
Q
Peritubular Capillaries around the Loop of Henle
A
Vasa Recta
19
Q
Structure of the Nephron consists of what?
A
- Initial filtering component
- Tube sepcialized for secretion and reabsorption
20
Q
What is the Initial Filtering component of a Nephron?
A
Renal Corpuscle
21
Q
What is the Tube specialized for secretion and Reabsorption in a Nephron?
A
Renal Tubule
22
Q
Function of the Nephron
A
Produces Urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the Blood
23
Q
Fluid filtered by the Renal Corpuscle enters the PCT as what?
A
Filtrate
24
Q
Structures in the Renal Corpuscle
A
- Glomerulus
- Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)
25
The Glomerulus is what?
Tangled Capillary bed
26
Glomerular Capsule (Bowman's Capsule)
Cup-like structure that tightly surrounds the Glomerulus and is continuous with the Renal Tubule
27
Bowman's Capsule is composed of what?
A Visceral and Parietal Layer
28
Space between the Visceral and Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule is what?
Capsular Space
29
The Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule is composed of what?
Simple Squamous Epithelium and plays no role in filtration
30
Blood is filtered within the what?
Renal Corpuscle
31
The Visceral layer of Bowman's Capsule is composed of what?
Podocytes
32
After Blood is filtered in the Renal Corpuscle, the Filtrate moves from where?
Capsular space into the Renal Tubular
33
Podocytes share a what?
Basement Membrane with the Endothelial Cells of the Glomerular Capillaries
34
Podocytes have what kind of extensions?
Feet-like extensions called Pedicels that wrap around the Glomerulus Capillaries
35
Filtration Slits
Slit-like gaps between Pedicels
36
The Renal Tubule extends distally from where?
Bowman's Capsule
37
3 Portions of the Renal Tubule
- PCT
- DCT
- Loop of Henle
38
What does the Renal Tubule Absorb?
Most filtered water and useful solutes
39
What does the Renal Tubule secrete?
Waste ions and Hydrogen
40
Specialized cells of DCT
Macula Densa Cells
41
Play a role in monitoring ionic concentration and flow rate of the Tubular Fluid
Macula Dense Cells
42
Specialized Cells of the Afferent Arteriole
Granular JG Cells
43
Secrete Renin in response to a drop in Pressure detected by stretch receptors in the Vascular walls
Granular JG Cells
44
Granular JG Cells also secrete Renin when stimulated by what?
Macula Densa Cells
45
What makes up the Juxtamedullary Apparatus
Macula Densa and Granular JG Cells
46
The Juxtamedullary Nephron extends deep into the what?
Medulla and contributes to the Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism
47
The Cortical Nephron's Glomeruls is in the what?
Outer portion of the Cortex
48
The Cortical Nephrone has a what?
Short Loop of Henle that penetrates only into the Outer region of the Medulla
49
Flow of Urine
Minor Caylx→Major Caylx→Renal Pelvis→Ureter→Urinary Bladder→Urethra→Outside the Body
50
Glomerular Filtrate
Fluid that enters the Capsular space from the Glomerular Capillaries
51
3 Barriers of the Filtration Membrane
- Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium
- Basement Membrane
- Slit Diaphragm
52
Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium
Epithelial lining of the Glomerular Capillaries
53
Basement Membrane
Shared Basement Membrane between the Endothelium and Podocytes
54
The Basement Membrane in the Filtration Membrane consists of what?
Network of collagen and other structural Proteins
55
Slit Diaphragm
Mesh-like barrier made of various Proteins that extends across the Filtration Slit
56
The Mesh-work of the Slit Diaphragm is synthesized by what?
Podocytes
57
One of the most important barriers to the Filtration of Protein
Slit Diaphragm
58
Blood Cells, Platelets, and Plasma Proteins are what?
NOT filtered in the Glomerulus
59
Substanes Present in the Glomerular Filtrate
- Organic Molecules
- Nitrogenous Waste
- Ions
- Water
60
Types of Organic Molecules
Glucose and AA's
61
Types of Nitrogenous Waste
- Urea
- Uric Acid
- Creatinine
62
Types of Ions
- Na+
- Cl-
- K+
63
Calculating NFP
NFP= [GBHP]-[CHP+BCOP]
64
If GFR is too fast
Body loses needed substances meaning most filtrate is lost in the Urine
65
If GFR is too slow
The Body reabsorbs too many substances, including wastes
66
Blood Creatinine level is what?
Indirect way to measure GFR because it is primarily filtered, minimally secreted and NOT reabsorbed
67
99% of water filtered by the Glomerulus is what?
Returned to the Blood
68
Active Transport
Requires energy, typically from ATP to "pump" a substance against its concentration gradient
69
Passive Transport
Does NOT require energy because substances flow down the concentration gradient
70
Type of Passive Transport
Facilitated Transport
71
Facilitated Transport
Passive process by which the transport of substances is "facilitated" by a channel or carrier and because they are still flowing down the concentration gradient, this does NOT require energy
72
How is water reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?
Osmosis through channels in the Membrane
73
Where is water reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?
Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
74
How are Organic Compounds Reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?
Glucose, AA's, etc. diffuse from Epithelial Cells down their concentration gradients on Passive transporters and are reabsorbed by Blood Capillaries
75
Where are Organic Compunds reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?
Proximal part of the Tubule
76
How and where are Organic Compounds secreted in Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?
By facilitated diffusion down the Electrochemical gradient and then exit the Kidneys
77
How are ions reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?
Na+/K+ pump that pumps out 3 Na+ for every 1 K+ back into the Cells (active Transport)
78
Where are ions reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsoprtion?
Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct
79
How and where are Ions secreted in Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?
Leakage channels in the membrane of cells where Na+ and K+ ions escape and then exit the Kidneys
80
How are wastes reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?
Osmotic Pressure and Active Transport of the Tubular Epithelial Cells
81
Where are Wastes reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorpion?
Proximal Tube of the Nephrone
82
How and where are wastes secreted in Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?
In the Kidneys
83
Majority of water and solute reabsorption happens where?
PCT
84
Compounds and Ions reabsorbed in the PCT
- ALL Glucose and AA's
- MOST Bicarb Ions
- ABOUT HALF of H2O, Na+, K+ and Cl-
85
Wastes Secreted by the PCT
- Ammonia (NH3)
- Creatinine
- Urea and Substances like Medication
86
Ammonia (NH3)
Poisonous waste product derived from deamination
87
Deamination
Removing Amino functional group of various AA's
88
Creatinine
Breakdown product of Creatine Phosphate in muscle
89
Blood level of Creatinine rising means what?
Kidney is NOT filtering Blood properly
90
Normal Blood Creatinine Level
1mg/dL
91
Urea and Substances like Medications are filtered where?
At the Glomerulus and secreted by PCT Cells into the Tubules
92
Obligatory Water Reabsorption
Water typically is reabsorbed by the Kidney together with solutes, especially Na+
93
Facultative Reabsorption
In the Collecting Duct, water is reabsorbed, especially in states of dehydration, independent of Solute reabsorption
94
Transport Maximum (Tm)
Upper limits on how fast a transporter can work
95
Water moves by Osmosis into the Interstitial fluid in the what?
Descending Limb of Henle
96
The Descending Limb of Henle is what?
Impermeable to Na+ and Cl-
97
Tubular fluid becomes increasing more what?
Concentrated as it travels down the Descending Loop
98
99
The Ascending Loop of Henle is more what?
Permeable to Na+ and Cl-
100
The Ascending Loop of Henle is NOT what?
NOT permeable to H+
101
Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism sets up what?
A Medullary Osmotic gradient which is critical for concentrating the Urine in the Collecting Duct
102
The Hairpin turn of the Vasa Recta slow the blood flow, providing what?
Exchange of Na+ and H2O between Capillary Blood and the Interstitium
103
The hairpin turn of the Vasa Recta slowing the Blood flow and providing the exchange of Na+ and H2O between Capillary Blood and the Interstitium prevents what?
The washout of the Medullary concentration gradient
104
Ca2+ is reabsorbed in the what?
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) via the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
105
The Collecting Duct regulates what?
Acid/Base Homeostasis by secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3
106
Collecting Duct is the site of action for what?
Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
107
Aldosterone is secreted by what?
Adrenal Cortex under the influence of AT2
108
Aldosterone does what?
Increases BP by reabsorbing Na+ and H2O
109
Aldosterone also has the effect of what?
Secreting K+
110
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted by the what?
Posterior Pituitary to increase Facultative water reabsorption by inserting water aquaporins into the Cell Membrane of the Collecting Duct
111
ADH stimulates the secretion of what?
- Increased Blood Osmolarity
- Decreased Blood Osmolarity
- AT2
112
Increased Blood Osmolarity is detected by what?
Osmoreceptors in the Hypothalamus
113
Decreased Blood Osmolarity is detected by what?
Baroreceptors in the Atria
114
Secretion of ADH is inhibited by what?
Alcohol
115
Too much ADH is called what?
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
116
Too Much ADH (SIADH) is characterized by what?
Excessive release of ADH from the Posterior Pituitary Gland or another source (tumor)
117
With too much ADH, an increase of Blood Volume often results in what?
Hyponatremia where Na+ levels are lowered and total body fluid increased
118
Although Na+ levels are low, SIADH is brought on by what?
An excess of water rather than a deficit of Na+
119
Too Little ADH is called what?
Diabetes Insipidus
120
Diabetes Insipidus (too little ADH) is characterized by?
Inadequate ADH secretion or faulty ADH receptors which cause a person to excrete large volumes of dilute Urine
121
With Diabetes Insipidus, how many Liters of urine is excreted a day?
20 Liters/Day
122
Action of Angiotensin II
Promotes systemic Vasoconstriction but maintains GFR due to preferentially constricting Efferent over (greater than) Afferent Arteriole
123
Angiotensin II stimulates what?
- Release of Aldosterone from the Adrenal Cortex
- Release of ADH from the Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Thirst center in the Hypothalamus
124
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide decreases what?
Na+
125
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is released by what?
Cells in the Atria that respond to Atrial stretching caused by increased Blood Volume
126
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is a what?
Potent vasodilation of Afferent Arterioles, which increases GFR and promotes Natriuresis
127
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide inhibits what?
Renin secretion
128
Urine is expelled from the Urinary Bladder
Micturition (Urination/Voiding)
129
Micturition Reflex
When volume of Urine in the bladder reaches a certain level (200-400mL), stretch receptors in the Urinary bladder wall transmit impulses that initiate Spinal Micturition Reflex
130
Micturition Reflex under P-ANS
Impulses from the Spinal Cord causes contraction of the Detrusor Muscle and relaxation of the Internal Urethral Sphincter Muscle
131
Micturition Reflex under Somatic Motor Neurons
Causes relaxation of the External Sphincter (voluntary)
132
NOT making Urine
Anuria
133
Anuria
- Less than 50mL/day
- Said to be Renal Failure
134
Making "few/little" Urine
Oliguria
135
Oliguria
Some but less than normal 500mL/day
136
Goal is more than 500mL/day
Normal Urine Output
137
Making too much Urine
Polyuria
138
Polyuria
- 3L/Day
- Several potential causes, most common is Diabetes Mellitus
139
Painful or Difficult Urination
Dysuria
140
Dysuria
Commonly associated with UTI's
141
Blood in the Urine
Hematuria
142
Hematuria
Commonly associated with Kidney Stones or UTI's
143
Increased frequency of urination at night
Nocturia
144
Nocturia
Common with aging
145
Infection of a part of the Urinary System
Urinary Tract Infection
146
Urinary Tract Infection includes what?
- Urethritis
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
147
Inflammation of the Urethra
Urethritis
148
Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder
Cystitis
149
Inflammation of the Kidneys
Pyelonephritis
150
Progressive and generally irreversible decline in GFR that may result from a number of different causes
Chronic Renal Failure
151
Male Gonads which produce male Gametes (Sperm)
Testes
152
Spermatogenic Cells
Male Germ Cells
153
Testes are what shaped?
Oval-Shaped glands
154
Ducts
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Ejaculatory Duct
- Urethra
155
comma-shaped organ that lies along the Posterior border of the Testis
Epididymis
156
The Epididymis is the site of what?
Sperm maturation and storage (in males)
157
In the Epididymis, sperm remains in storage for how long?
1 month
158
After Sperm remains in the Epididymis in storage for at least a month, what happens?
They are either expelled or reabsorbed
159
If sperm from the Epididymis is expelled, what happens?
They continue to the Vas Deferens
160
Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
Store Sperm and propel them toward the Urethra during Ejaculation
161
Spermatic Cord
Supporting structure of Male Reproductive System
162
The Spermatic Cord consists of what?
- Vas Deferens
- Testicular Artery/Veins
- Lymphatic Vessels
- Autonomic Nerves
- Cremaster Muscle
163
Principle method of sterilization in Males
Vasectomy
164
What happens in a Vasectomy?
Both the Vas Deferens are cut and tied, resulting in NO sperm entering the ejaculate
165
Short tube formed by the union of a Vas Deferens and the Duct of the Seminal Vesicle
Ejaculatory Duct
166
The Ejaculatory Duct does what?
Transports Sperm into the Urethra
167
Shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems that serve as a passageway for Semen and Urine
Urethra
168
In males, the Urethra is subdivided into what 3 portions?
- Prostatic
- Membranous
- Spongy (Cavernous)
169
Failure for Testes to descend
Cryptorchidism
170
Testes develop high on the Embryo's posterior abdominal wall and begin their descent through what?
Respective Inguinal Canals and into the Scrotum towards the end of Fetal Development
171
When the Testes exit the Abdominal Cavity, they ensure what?
The decrease of 2-3℃
172
The decrease of 2-3℃ is required for what?
Proper Spermatogenesis
173
Spermatogenesis
Process of Sperm Cell development
174
Higher temperature in the abdominal cavity only interferes with what?
Spermatogenesis NOT hormone production
175
Spermatogenic Cells
Male Germ Cells
176
Spermatogenic Cells are the only cells that undergo what?
Meisosis
177
Spermatogenic Cells produce what?
Sperm
178
Sertoli Cells
Nurturing Cells for the Sperm
179
Sertoli Cells secrete what?
TDF and Inhibin
180
Leydig Cells secrete what?
Testosterone
181
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenic Cells differentiate through Meiosis to produce sperm
182
Seminiferous Tubules
Tubular structures of the Testes where Sperm are made and lined with Sertoli Cells
183
Sertoli Cells lining the Seminiferous Tubules secrete what?
Antigen Binding which increases the concentration of Testosterone inside Seminiferous Tubules and Inhibin
184
Parts of the Sperm
- head
- Midpiece
- Tail
185
Head of Sperm
Includes a Nucleus and Acrosome
186
The Nucleus in the head of the Sperm consists of what?
Individual chromosomes
187
Enzyme-containing vesicle located at the Anterior aspect of the head
Acrosome
188
Houses the Mitochondria for generating ATP necessary for locomotion
Midpiece of Sperm
189
Flagellum
Tail of Sperm
190
The tail of sperm is the what?
longest portion
191
Seminal Fluid (Semen)
Mixture of Sperm accessory Sex Gland secretions that provides fluid in which Sperm are transported
192
Seminal Fluid provides what?
Nutrients and neutralizes acidity of the Male Urethra and Female Vagina
193
Accessory Sex Glands
- Seminal Vesicles
- Prostate Gland
- Bulbourethral
194
Paired glands that secrete the bulk of Seminal Fluid
Seminal Vesicles
195
Secretion from Seminal Vesicles is what?
Thick and Alkaline, contains Fructose, Proteins, and Prostaglandins (PGs) among other substances
196
Fructose
Used for ATP production of Sperm
197
Clotting Proteins allow for what?
Coagulation of Semen ejaculation (different from Blood clotting proteins)
198
Contribute to Sperm motility and viability
PGs
199
Doughnut shaped gland the size of a Golf ball
Prostate Gland
200
The Prostate Gland surrounds what?
Upper portion of the Urethra
201
The Prostate Gland secretes what?
Milky, slightly Alkaline fluid that contains several components, including Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
202
PSA levels in Blood are used to screen for what?
Prostatic Cancer
203
Secretes Mucus for lubrication and Alkaline substances that neutralizes the acidity of urine and protect passing Sperm
Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Glands
204
Paired Glands homologous to the Testes
Ovaries
205
Ovaries are located where?
Upper Pelvic Cavity, on either side of the Uterus and maintained in position by a series of ligaments
206
Germinal Epithelium covers the surface of what?
The ovary but does NOT give rise to Ova (eggs)
207
Contains Ovarian Follicles and Ovarian Medulla, which contain Blood vessels, Lymphatic vessels and nerves
Ovarian Cortex
208
Ovarian follicles, in various degrees of development, lie in the what?
Cortex and contain Oocytes at different stages of Gametogenesis
209
Mature (Graafian) Follicle
Expels secondary Oocyte by Ovulation
210
It contains remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces Progesterone, Estrogens, Relaxin, and Inhibin until it degenerates into a Corpus Albicans
Corpus Luteum
211
Transport Ova from the Ovaries to the Uterus and is the normal site of Fertilization
Uterine Tubules (Fallopian Tubules/Oviducts)
212
Uterine Tubules are composed of what 3 layers?
- Internal Mucosa
- Middle Muscularis
- Outer Serosa
213
In the Uterine Tubules, Ciliated Cells and Peristaltic contractions help what?
move the egg towards the Uterus
214
Organ the size and shape of an inverted pear that functions in the implantation of a fertilized Ovum, development of a Fetus during pregnancy and in labor
Uterus (womb)
215
Anatomical Subdivisions of the Uterus
- Fundus
- Body
- Cervix
216
The Anatomical subdivisions of the Uterus is held on position by what?
Series of ligaments
217
Downward displacement of the Uterus
Uterine Prolapse
218
Functions as a passageway for Sperm and Menstrual flow, the receptacle of the Penis during Sexual Intercourse, and the lower portion of the Birth Canal
Vagina
219
Mucosa of the Vagina is continuous with what?
The Uterus and lies in a series of Transverse folds (Rugae)
220
The mucosa of the Vagina sets up what?
Hostile acidic environment for Sperm
221
Alkaline components of Semen do what?
Neutralize acidity and increase Sperm viability
222
The Vaginal Orifice is often partially covered by what?
Thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called Hymen
223
An orifice completely covered is called what?
Imperforate Hymen and must be surgically opened to permit menstrual flow
224
External Genitalia of the Female
Vulva and Perineum
225
The Vulva and Perineum consists of what?
- Mons Pubis
- Labia Majora
- Clitoris
- Vestibule
- vaginal and urethral orifices
- Hymen
- Bartholin's Glands
- Additional Glands
226
Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that lie over the Pectoralis Major and Serratus Anterior Muscles
Mammary Glands
227
Mammary glands are what?
Milk secreting cells clustered in small compartments within the breasts
228
Oogenesis results in what?
Formation of a Single Haploid Secondary Oocyte
229
Oogenesis occurs where?
In Ovaries
230
Oogenesis occurs in what 2 divisions?
Meiosis I and II
231
While Oogenesis occurs, the Follicular Cells surrounding the Oocyte are also undergoing what?
Developmental changes
232
Oocytes develop from what?
Primordial Germ Cells
233
3 Layers of the Uterus
- Perimetrium
- Myometrium
- Endometrium
234
Outer layer of the Uterus
Perimetrium
235
Middle (Muscular) layer (Smooth Muscle)
Myometrium
236
Inner layer that's subdivided into the Stratum Functionalis and Stratum Basalis
Endometrium
237
Shed during Menstruation
Stratum Functionalis
238
Becomes a new Stratum Functionalis after each Menstruation
Stratum Basalis
239
Area between the Anus and External Genitalia
Perineum
240
Perineum in Females
Area between the Anus and Vulva
241
Labial opening to Vagina
Vulva
242
Perineum in Males
Area between the Anus and Scrotum
243
During Childbirth, the emerging Fetus may cause excessive tearing of what?
Perineum and a physician may need to make a surgical incision of the Perineum to prevent excessive, jagged tears
244
Series of events associated with the maturation of an Ovum
Ovarian Cycle
245
Changes in the Endometrium to prepare for the reception of a fertilized Ovum
Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
246
Both the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles are controlled by what?
GnRH from the Hypothalamus
247
GnRH from the Hypothalamus stimulates what?
FSH and LH to be released by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
248
Stimulates initial development of Ovarian Follicles, and secretion of Estrogens by the Ovaries
FSH
249
Stimulates further development of the Ovarian Follicles, Ovulation, and secretion of Estrogens and Progesterone by the Ovaries
LH
250
Estrogen promotes the development and maintenance of what?
Female Reproductive Structures, Secondary Sex Characteristics, and the Breasts
251
Estrogen Increases what?
Protein anabolism and Bone Strength
252
Estrogen lowers what?
Blood Cholesterol
253
Estrogen in Moderate levels inhibits what?
Release of GnRH by the Hypothalamus and secretion of FSH and LH by the Anterior Pituitary Gland
254
Progesterone works with Estrogen to prepare the Endometrium for what?
Implantation and the Mammary Glands for Milk synthesis
255
Small quantity of what is produced monthly?
relaxin
256
The monthly production of Relaxin does what?
Relaxes the Uterus by inhibiting contractions, making it easier for fertilized Ovum to implant in the Uterus
257
In Pregnancy, Relaxin relaxes the Pubic Synthesis and helps what?
Dilate the Uterine Cervix to facilitate delivery
258
Inhibin inhibits the secretion of what?
FSH and GnRH, and to a lesser extent, LH
259
Inhibin is possibly important in what?
Decreasing the secretion of FSH and LH toward the end of the Uterine Cycle
260
How does hypoventilation decrease pH
Eliminates CO2 more slowly than it is being produced, decreasing pH
261
How does Hyperventilation increase pH
Eliminates CO2 faster than it can be produced, increasing pH
262
Normal Blood pH
7.35-7.45 (Ideally 7.4)
263
Normal Blood pCO2
35-45mmHg
264
Normal Blood HCO3
22-28mEq/L
265
Kidney excretion of H+ is the what?
Slowest mechanism for removing acids, but is the only way to eliminate H+ that forms in the body
266
In Kidney excretion of H+, the cells in Renal Tubules secrete H+ into the Urine, allowing what?
Excess H+ to be excreted when the body's pH is too low
267
Kideys can also synthesize what?
New Bicarb in addition to reabsorbing filtered Bicarb
268
Why do the Kidneys synthesize new Bicarb while also reabsorbing filtered Bicarb?
So this important buffer is NOT lost in the Urine
269
- Low pH
- Respiratory Rate increases to eliminate acid in the form of CO2
- Kidneys excrete additional H+ in the Urine and retain Bicarb
Acidosis
270
- High pH
- Respiratory rate decreases to retain acid in the form of CO2
- Kidneys excrete Bicarb in the Urine and retain H+
Alkalosis
271
- Decreased pH
- Increased Pco2
Respiratory Acidosis
272
Caused by Hypoventilation or other causes of reduced gas exchange in the Lungs (Lungs can't blow off enough CO2)
Respiratory Acidosis
273
Caused by Hyperventilation (Lungs blow off too much CO2)
Respiratory Alkalosis
274
- Increased pH
- Decreased Pco2
Respiratory Alkalosis
275
- Decreased pH
- Decreased Bicarb
- The 3 D's
Metabolic Acidosis
276
Caused by the loss of Bicarb, abnormal increase in the amount of acidic metabolites produced, or failure of the Kidneys to excrete H+ (Too little available Bicarb)
Metabolic Acidosis
277
The 3 D's
- Diarrhea
- DKA: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Dialysis: Implies Renal Failure
278
Caused by excess intake of Alkaline drugs (antacids) or Non-Respiratory loss of acid (excessive vomiting) (Too much Available Bicarb)
Metabolic Alkalosis
279
- Increased pH
- Increased Bicarb
Metabolic Alkalosis
