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Anatomy and Physiology II > Urinary System and Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Urinary System and Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

External Anatomy of the Kidney

A
  • Size of a bar of soap
  • Contains Hilum
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2
Q

Hilum of the Kidney

A

Where the Ureter, Renal Artery and Vein, Lymphatic Vessels and Nerves, enter and exit the Kidney

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3
Q

What surrounds the Kidney?

A

Tough, Fibrous Renal Capsule

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4
Q

Perirenal or Perinephric Fat

A

Protective layer of adipose tissue surrounding the Renal Capsule

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5
Q

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney contains what 2 regions?

A

Outer Cortex and Inner Medulla

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6
Q

Within the Inner Medulla

A
  • Renal Pyramids
  • Renal Columns
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7
Q

Renal Columns do what?

A

Separate the Renal Pyramids

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8
Q

Renal Columns and Renal Cortex are made up of the same what?

A

Tissue type

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9
Q

Nephron begins where?

A

In the Cortex and extends into and through the Medulla

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10
Q

Nephron

A

Functional Unit of the Kidney

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11
Q

Urine formed in the Nephron flows first into the what?

A

Minor Caylx

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12
Q

After Urine flows into the Minor Caylx, where does it go next?

A

Major Caylx

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13
Q

After Urine reaches the Major Caylx, where does it flow?

A

Through the Renal Pelvis to the Ureter

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14
Q

After Urine flows through the Renal Pelvis to the Ureter, where does it go?

A

Into the Urinary Bladder, through the Urethra and out the body

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15
Q

Each afferent Arteriole divides into a capillary network, called what?

A

Glomerulus

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16
Q

The capillaries derived from the Afferent Arteriole dividing reunite to form a what?

A

Efferent Arteriole

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17
Q

An Efferent Arteriole forms what?

A

Network of Peritubular Capillaries

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18
Q

Peritubular Capillaries around the Loop of Henle

A

Vasa Recta

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19
Q

Structure of the Nephron consists of what?

A
  • Initial filtering component
  • Tube sepcialized for secretion and reabsorption
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20
Q

What is the Initial Filtering component of a Nephron?

A

Renal Corpuscle

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21
Q

What is the Tube specialized for secretion and Reabsorption in a Nephron?

A

Renal Tubule

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22
Q

Function of the Nephron

A

Produces Urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the Blood

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23
Q

Fluid filtered by the Renal Corpuscle enters the PCT as what?

A

Filtrate

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24
Q

Structures in the Renal Corpuscle

A
  • Glomerulus
  • Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)
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25
Q

The Glomerulus is what?

A

Tangled Capillary bed

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26
Q

Glomerular Capsule (Bowman’s Capsule)

A

Cup-like structure that tightly surrounds the Glomerulus and is continuous with the Renal Tubule

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27
Q

Bowman’s Capsule is composed of what?

A

A Visceral and Parietal Layer

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28
Q

Space between the Visceral and Parietal layer of Bowman’s Capsule is what?

A

Capsular Space

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29
Q

The Parietal layer of Bowman’s Capsule is composed of what?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium and plays no role in filtration

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30
Q

Blood is filtered within the what?

A

Renal Corpuscle

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31
Q

The Visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule is composed of what?

A

Podocytes

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32
Q

After Blood is filtered in the Renal Corpuscle, the Filtrate moves from where?

A

Capsular space into the Renal Tubular

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33
Q

Podocytes share a what?

A

Basement Membrane with the Endothelial Cells of the Glomerular Capillaries

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34
Q

Podocytes have what kind of extensions?

A

Feet-like extensions called Pedicels that wrap around the Glomerulus Capillaries

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35
Q

Filtration Slits

A

Slit-like gaps between Pedicels

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36
Q

The Renal Tubule extends distally from where?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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37
Q

3 Portions of the Renal Tubule

A
  • PCT
  • DCT
  • Loop of Henle
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38
Q

What does the Renal Tubule Absorb?

A

Most filtered water and useful solutes

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39
Q

What does the Renal Tubule secrete?

A

Waste ions and Hydrogen

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40
Q

Specialized cells of DCT

A

Macula Densa Cells

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41
Q

Play a role in monitoring ionic concentration and flow rate of the Tubular Fluid

A

Macula Dense Cells

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42
Q

Specialized Cells of the Afferent Arteriole

A

Granular JG Cells

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43
Q

Secrete Renin in response to a drop in Pressure detected by stretch receptors in the Vascular walls

A

Granular JG Cells

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44
Q

Granular JG Cells also secrete Renin when stimulated by what?

A

Macula Densa Cells

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45
Q

What makes up the Juxtamedullary Apparatus

A

Macula Densa and Granular JG Cells

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46
Q

The Juxtamedullary Nephron extends deep into the what?

A

Medulla and contributes to the Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism

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47
Q

The Cortical Nephron’s Glomeruls is in the what?

A

Outer portion of the Cortex

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48
Q

The Cortical Nephrone has a what?

A

Short Loop of Henle that penetrates only into the Outer region of the Medulla

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49
Q

Flow of Urine

A

Minor Caylx→Major Caylx→Renal Pelvis→Ureter→Urinary Bladder→Urethra→Outside the Body

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50
Q

Glomerular Filtrate

A

Fluid that enters the Capsular space from the Glomerular Capillaries

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51
Q

3 Barriers of the Filtration Membrane

A
  • Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium
  • Basement Membrane
  • Slit Diaphragm
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52
Q

Fenestrated Glomerular Endothelium

A

Epithelial lining of the Glomerular Capillaries

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53
Q

Basement Membrane

A

Shared Basement Membrane between the Endothelium and Podocytes

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54
Q

The Basement Membrane in the Filtration Membrane consists of what?

A

Network of collagen and other structural Proteins

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55
Q

Slit Diaphragm

A

Mesh-like barrier made of various Proteins that extends across the Filtration Slit

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56
Q

The Mesh-work of the Slit Diaphragm is synthesized by what?

A

Podocytes

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57
Q

One of the most important barriers to the Filtration of Protein

A

Slit Diaphragm

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58
Q

Blood Cells, Platelets, and Plasma Proteins are what?

A

NOT filtered in the Glomerulus

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59
Q

Substanes Present in the Glomerular Filtrate

A
  • Organic Molecules
  • Nitrogenous Waste
  • Ions
  • Water
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60
Q

Types of Organic Molecules

A

Glucose and AA’s

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61
Q

Types of Nitrogenous Waste

A
  • Urea
  • Uric Acid
  • Creatinine
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62
Q

Types of Ions

A
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • K+
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63
Q

Calculating NFP

A

NFP= [GBHP]-[CHP+BCOP]

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64
Q

If GFR is too fast

A

Body loses needed substances meaning most filtrate is lost in the Urine

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65
Q

If GFR is too slow

A

The Body reabsorbs too many substances, including wastes

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66
Q

Blood Creatinine level is what?

A

Indirect way to measure GFR because it is primarily filtered, minimally secreted and NOT reabsorbed

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67
Q

99% of water filtered by the Glomerulus is what?

A

Returned to the Blood

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68
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires energy, typically from ATP to “pump” a substance against its concentration gradient

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69
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does NOT require energy because substances flow down the concentration gradient

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70
Q

Type of Passive Transport

A

Facilitated Transport

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71
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Passive process by which the transport of substances is “facilitated” by a channel or carrier and because they are still flowing down the concentration gradient, this does NOT require energy

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72
Q

How is water reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?

A

Osmosis through channels in the Membrane

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73
Q

Where is water reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?

A

Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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74
Q

How are Organic Compounds Reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?

A

Glucose, AA’s, etc. diffuse from Epithelial Cells down their concentration gradients on Passive transporters and are reabsorbed by Blood Capillaries

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75
Q

Where are Organic Compunds reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?

A

Proximal part of the Tubule

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76
Q

How and where are Organic Compounds secreted in Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?

A

By facilitated diffusion down the Electrochemical gradient and then exit the Kidneys

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77
Q

How are ions reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?

A

Na+/K+ pump that pumps out 3 Na+ for every 1 K+ back into the Cells (active Transport)

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78
Q

Where are ions reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsoprtion?

A

Distal Tubule and Collecting Duct

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79
Q

How and where are Ions secreted in Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?

A

Leakage channels in the membrane of cells where Na+ and K+ ions escape and then exit the Kidneys

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80
Q

How are wastes reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorption?

A

Osmotic Pressure and Active Transport of the Tubular Epithelial Cells

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81
Q

Where are Wastes reabsorbed in Tubular Reabsorpion?

A

Proximal Tube of the Nephrone

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82
Q

How and where are wastes secreted in Tubular Reabsorption/Secretion?

A

In the Kidneys

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83
Q

Majority of water and solute reabsorption happens where?

A

PCT

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84
Q

Compounds and Ions reabsorbed in the PCT

A
  • ALL Glucose and AA’s
  • MOST Bicarb Ions
  • ABOUT HALF of H2O, Na+, K+ and Cl-
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85
Q

Wastes Secreted by the PCT

A
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Creatinine
  • Urea and Substances like Medication
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86
Q

Ammonia (NH3)

A

Poisonous waste product derived from deamination

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87
Q

Deamination

A

Removing Amino functional group of various AA’s

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88
Q

Creatinine

A

Breakdown product of Creatine Phosphate in muscle

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89
Q

Blood level of Creatinine rising means what?

A

Kidney is NOT filtering Blood properly

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90
Q

Normal Blood Creatinine Level

A

1mg/dL

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91
Q

Urea and Substances like Medications are filtered where?

A

At the Glomerulus and secreted by PCT Cells into the Tubules

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92
Q

Obligatory Water Reabsorption

A

Water typically is reabsorbed by the Kidney together with solutes, especially Na+

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93
Q

Facultative Reabsorption

A

In the Collecting Duct, water is reabsorbed, especially in states of dehydration, independent of Solute reabsorption

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94
Q

Transport Maximum (Tm)

A

Upper limits on how fast a transporter can work

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95
Q

Water moves by Osmosis into the Interstitial fluid in the what?

A

Descending Limb of Henle

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96
Q

The Descending Limb of Henle is what?

A

Impermeable to Na+ and Cl-

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97
Q

Tubular fluid becomes increasing more what?

A

Concentrated as it travels down the Descending Loop

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98
Q
A
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99
Q

The Ascending Loop of Henle is more what?

A

Permeable to Na+ and Cl-

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100
Q

The Ascending Loop of Henle is NOT what?

A

NOT permeable to H+

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101
Q

Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism sets up what?

A

A Medullary Osmotic gradient which is critical for concentrating the Urine in the Collecting Duct

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102
Q

The Hairpin turn of the Vasa Recta slow the blood flow, providing what?

A

Exchange of Na+ and H2O between Capillary Blood and the Interstitium

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103
Q

The hairpin turn of the Vasa Recta slowing the Blood flow and providing the exchange of Na+ and H2O between Capillary Blood and the Interstitium prevents what?

A

The washout of the Medullary concentration gradient

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104
Q

Ca2+ is reabsorbed in the what?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) via the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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105
Q

The Collecting Duct regulates what?

A

Acid/Base Homeostasis by secreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3

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106
Q

Collecting Duct is the site of action for what?

A

Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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107
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by what?

A

Adrenal Cortex under the influence of AT2

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108
Q

Aldosterone does what?

A

Increases BP by reabsorbing Na+ and H2O

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109
Q

Aldosterone also has the effect of what?

A

Secreting K+

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110
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is secreted by the what?

A

Posterior Pituitary to increase Facultative water reabsorption by inserting water aquaporins into the Cell Membrane of the Collecting Duct

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111
Q

ADH stimulates the secretion of what?

A
  • Increased Blood Osmolarity
  • Decreased Blood Osmolarity
  • AT2
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112
Q

Increased Blood Osmolarity is detected by what?

A

Osmoreceptors in the Hypothalamus

113
Q

Decreased Blood Osmolarity is detected by what?

A

Baroreceptors in the Atria

114
Q

Secretion of ADH is inhibited by what?

A

Alcohol

115
Q

Too much ADH is called what?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

116
Q

Too Much ADH (SIADH) is characterized by what?

A

Excessive release of ADH from the Posterior Pituitary Gland or another source (tumor)

117
Q

With too much ADH, an increase of Blood Volume often results in what?

A

Hyponatremia where Na+ levels are lowered and total body fluid increased

118
Q

Although Na+ levels are low, SIADH is brought on by what?

A

An excess of water rather than a deficit of Na+

119
Q

Too Little ADH is called what?

A

Diabetes Insipidus

120
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (too little ADH) is characterized by?

A

Inadequate ADH secretion or faulty ADH receptors which cause a person to excrete large volumes of dilute Urine

121
Q

With Diabetes Insipidus, how many Liters of urine is excreted a day?

A

20 Liters/Day

122
Q

Action of Angiotensin II

A

Promotes systemic Vasoconstriction but maintains GFR due to preferentially constricting Efferent over (greater than) Afferent Arteriole

123
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates what?

A
  • Release of Aldosterone from the Adrenal Cortex
  • Release of ADH from the Posterior Pituitary Gland
  • Thirst center in the Hypothalamus
124
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide decreases what?

A

Na+

125
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is released by what?

A

Cells in the Atria that respond to Atrial stretching caused by increased Blood Volume

126
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide is a what?

A

Potent vasodilation of Afferent Arterioles, which increases GFR and promotes Natriuresis

127
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide inhibits what?

A

Renin secretion

128
Q

Urine is expelled from the Urinary Bladder

A

Micturition (Urination/Voiding)

129
Q

Micturition Reflex

A

When volume of Urine in the bladder reaches a certain level (200-400mL), stretch receptors in the Urinary bladder wall transmit impulses that initiate Spinal Micturition Reflex

130
Q

Micturition Reflex under P-ANS

A

Impulses from the Spinal Cord causes contraction of the Detrusor Muscle and relaxation of the Internal Urethral Sphincter Muscle

131
Q

Micturition Reflex under Somatic Motor Neurons

A

Causes relaxation of the External Sphincter (voluntary)

132
Q

NOT making Urine

A

Anuria

133
Q

Anuria

A
  • Less than 50mL/day
  • Said to be Renal Failure
134
Q

Making “few/little” Urine

A

Oliguria

135
Q

Oliguria

A

Some but less than normal 500mL/day

136
Q

Goal is more than 500mL/day

A

Normal Urine Output

137
Q

Making too much Urine

A

Polyuria

138
Q

Polyuria

A
  • 3L/Day
  • Several potential causes, most common is Diabetes Mellitus
139
Q

Painful or Difficult Urination

A

Dysuria

140
Q

Dysuria

A

Commonly associated with UTI’s

141
Q

Blood in the Urine

A

Hematuria

142
Q

Hematuria

A

Commonly associated with Kidney Stones or UTI’s

143
Q

Increased frequency of urination at night

A

Nocturia

144
Q

Nocturia

A

Common with aging

145
Q

Infection of a part of the Urinary System

A

Urinary Tract Infection

146
Q

Urinary Tract Infection includes what?

A
  • Urethritis
  • Cystitis
  • Pyelonephritis
147
Q

Inflammation of the Urethra

A

Urethritis

148
Q

Inflammation of the Urinary Bladder

A

Cystitis

149
Q

Inflammation of the Kidneys

A

Pyelonephritis

150
Q

Progressive and generally irreversible decline in GFR that may result from a number of different causes

A

Chronic Renal Failure

151
Q

Male Gonads which produce male Gametes (Sperm)

A

Testes

152
Q

Spermatogenic Cells

A

Male Germ Cells

153
Q

Testes are what shaped?

A

Oval-Shaped glands

154
Q

Ducts

A
  • Epididymis
  • Vas Deferens
  • Ejaculatory Duct
  • Urethra
155
Q

comma-shaped organ that lies along the Posterior border of the Testis

A

Epididymis

156
Q

The Epididymis is the site of what?

A

Sperm maturation and storage (in males)

157
Q

In the Epididymis, sperm remains in storage for how long?

A

1 month

158
Q

After Sperm remains in the Epididymis in storage for at least a month, what happens?

A

They are either expelled or reabsorbed

159
Q

If sperm from the Epididymis is expelled, what happens?

A

They continue to the Vas Deferens

160
Q

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)

A

Store Sperm and propel them toward the Urethra during Ejaculation

161
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

Supporting structure of Male Reproductive System

162
Q

The Spermatic Cord consists of what?

A
  • Vas Deferens
  • Testicular Artery/Veins
  • Lymphatic Vessels
  • Autonomic Nerves
  • Cremaster Muscle
163
Q

Principle method of sterilization in Males

A

Vasectomy

164
Q

What happens in a Vasectomy?

A

Both the Vas Deferens are cut and tied, resulting in NO sperm entering the ejaculate

165
Q

Short tube formed by the union of a Vas Deferens and the Duct of the Seminal Vesicle

A

Ejaculatory Duct

166
Q

The Ejaculatory Duct does what?

A

Transports Sperm into the Urethra

167
Q

Shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems that serve as a passageway for Semen and Urine

A

Urethra

168
Q

In males, the Urethra is subdivided into what 3 portions?

A
  • Prostatic
  • Membranous
  • Spongy (Cavernous)
169
Q

Failure for Testes to descend

A

Cryptorchidism

170
Q

Testes develop high on the Embryo’s posterior abdominal wall and begin their descent through what?

A

Respective Inguinal Canals and into the Scrotum towards the end of Fetal Development

171
Q

When the Testes exit the Abdominal Cavity, they ensure what?

A

The decrease of 2-3℃

172
Q

The decrease of 2-3℃ is required for what?

A

Proper Spermatogenesis

173
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process of Sperm Cell development

174
Q

Higher temperature in the abdominal cavity only interferes with what?

A

Spermatogenesis NOT hormone production

175
Q

Spermatogenic Cells

A

Male Germ Cells

176
Q

Spermatogenic Cells are the only cells that undergo what?

A

Meisosis

177
Q

Spermatogenic Cells produce what?

A

Sperm

178
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Nurturing Cells for the Sperm

179
Q

Sertoli Cells secrete what?

A

TDF and Inhibin

180
Q

Leydig Cells secrete what?

A

Testosterone

181
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogenic Cells differentiate through Meiosis to produce sperm

182
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Tubular structures of the Testes where Sperm are made and lined with Sertoli Cells

183
Q

Sertoli Cells lining the Seminiferous Tubules secrete what?

A

Antigen Binding which increases the concentration of Testosterone inside Seminiferous Tubules and Inhibin

184
Q

Parts of the Sperm

A
  • head
  • Midpiece
  • Tail
185
Q

Head of Sperm

A

Includes a Nucleus and Acrosome

186
Q

The Nucleus in the head of the Sperm consists of what?

A

Individual chromosomes

187
Q

Enzyme-containing vesicle located at the Anterior aspect of the head

A

Acrosome

188
Q

Houses the Mitochondria for generating ATP necessary for locomotion

A

Midpiece of Sperm

189
Q

Flagellum

A

Tail of Sperm

190
Q

The tail of sperm is the what?

A

longest portion

191
Q

Seminal Fluid (Semen)

A

Mixture of Sperm accessory Sex Gland secretions that provides fluid in which Sperm are transported

192
Q

Seminal Fluid provides what?

A

Nutrients and neutralizes acidity of the Male Urethra and Female Vagina

193
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • Seminal Vesicles
  • Prostate Gland
  • Bulbourethral
194
Q

Paired glands that secrete the bulk of Seminal Fluid

A

Seminal Vesicles

195
Q

Secretion from Seminal Vesicles is what?

A

Thick and Alkaline, contains Fructose, Proteins, and Prostaglandins (PGs) among other substances

196
Q

Fructose

A

Used for ATP production of Sperm

197
Q

Clotting Proteins allow for what?

A

Coagulation of Semen ejaculation (different from Blood clotting proteins)

198
Q

Contribute to Sperm motility and viability

A

PGs

199
Q

Doughnut shaped gland the size of a Golf ball

A

Prostate Gland

200
Q

The Prostate Gland surrounds what?

A

Upper portion of the Urethra

201
Q

The Prostate Gland secretes what?

A

Milky, slightly Alkaline fluid that contains several components, including Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

202
Q

PSA levels in Blood are used to screen for what?

A

Prostatic Cancer

203
Q

Secretes Mucus for lubrication and Alkaline substances that neutralizes the acidity of urine and protect passing Sperm

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Glands

204
Q

Paired Glands homologous to the Testes

A

Ovaries

205
Q

Ovaries are located where?

A

Upper Pelvic Cavity, on either side of the Uterus and maintained in position by a series of ligaments

206
Q

Germinal Epithelium covers the surface of what?

A

The ovary but does NOT give rise to Ova (eggs)

207
Q

Contains Ovarian Follicles and Ovarian Medulla, which contain Blood vessels, Lymphatic vessels and nerves

A

Ovarian Cortex

208
Q

Ovarian follicles, in various degrees of development, lie in the what?

A

Cortex and contain Oocytes at different stages of Gametogenesis

209
Q

Mature (Graafian) Follicle

A

Expels secondary Oocyte by Ovulation

210
Q

It contains remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces Progesterone, Estrogens, Relaxin, and Inhibin until it degenerates into a Corpus Albicans

A

Corpus Luteum

211
Q

Transport Ova from the Ovaries to the Uterus and is the normal site of Fertilization

A

Uterine Tubules (Fallopian Tubules/Oviducts)

212
Q

Uterine Tubules are composed of what 3 layers?

A
  • Internal Mucosa
  • Middle Muscularis
  • Outer Serosa
213
Q

In the Uterine Tubules, Ciliated Cells and Peristaltic contractions help what?

A

move the egg towards the Uterus

214
Q

Organ the size and shape of an inverted pear that functions in the implantation of a fertilized Ovum, development of a Fetus during pregnancy and in labor

A

Uterus (womb)

215
Q

Anatomical Subdivisions of the Uterus

A
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Cervix
216
Q

The Anatomical subdivisions of the Uterus is held on position by what?

A

Series of ligaments

217
Q

Downward displacement of the Uterus

A

Uterine Prolapse

218
Q

Functions as a passageway for Sperm and Menstrual flow, the receptacle of the Penis during Sexual Intercourse, and the lower portion of the Birth Canal

A

Vagina

219
Q

Mucosa of the Vagina is continuous with what?

A

The Uterus and lies in a series of Transverse folds (Rugae)

220
Q

The mucosa of the Vagina sets up what?

A

Hostile acidic environment for Sperm

221
Q

Alkaline components of Semen do what?

A

Neutralize acidity and increase Sperm viability

222
Q

The Vaginal Orifice is often partially covered by what?

A

Thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called Hymen

223
Q

An orifice completely covered is called what?

A

Imperforate Hymen and must be surgically opened to permit menstrual flow

224
Q

External Genitalia of the Female

A

Vulva and Perineum

225
Q

The Vulva and Perineum consists of what?

A
  • Mons Pubis
  • Labia Majora
  • Clitoris
  • Vestibule
  • vaginal and urethral orifices
  • Hymen
  • Bartholin’s Glands
  • Additional Glands
226
Q

Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that lie over the Pectoralis Major and Serratus Anterior Muscles

A

Mammary Glands

227
Q

Mammary glands are what?

A

Milk secreting cells clustered in small compartments within the breasts

228
Q

Oogenesis results in what?

A

Formation of a Single Haploid Secondary Oocyte

229
Q

Oogenesis occurs where?

A

In Ovaries

230
Q

Oogenesis occurs in what 2 divisions?

A

Meiosis I and II

231
Q

While Oogenesis occurs, the Follicular Cells surrounding the Oocyte are also undergoing what?

A

Developmental changes

232
Q

Oocytes develop from what?

A

Primordial Germ Cells

233
Q

3 Layers of the Uterus

A
  • Perimetrium
  • Myometrium
  • Endometrium
234
Q

Outer layer of the Uterus

A

Perimetrium

235
Q

Middle (Muscular) layer (Smooth Muscle)

A

Myometrium

236
Q

Inner layer that’s subdivided into the Stratum Functionalis and Stratum Basalis

A

Endometrium

237
Q

Shed during Menstruation

A

Stratum Functionalis

238
Q

Becomes a new Stratum Functionalis after each Menstruation

A

Stratum Basalis

239
Q

Area between the Anus and External Genitalia

A

Perineum

240
Q

Perineum in Females

A

Area between the Anus and Vulva

241
Q

Labial opening to Vagina

A

Vulva

242
Q

Perineum in Males

A

Area between the Anus and Scrotum

243
Q

During Childbirth, the emerging Fetus may cause excessive tearing of what?

A

Perineum and a physician may need to make a surgical incision of the Perineum to prevent excessive, jagged tears

244
Q

Series of events associated with the maturation of an Ovum

A

Ovarian Cycle

245
Q

Changes in the Endometrium to prepare for the reception of a fertilized Ovum

A

Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle

246
Q

Both the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles are controlled by what?

A

GnRH from the Hypothalamus

247
Q

GnRH from the Hypothalamus stimulates what?

A

FSH and LH to be released by the Anterior Pituitary Gland

248
Q

Stimulates initial development of Ovarian Follicles, and secretion of Estrogens by the Ovaries

A

FSH

249
Q

Stimulates further development of the Ovarian Follicles, Ovulation, and secretion of Estrogens and Progesterone by the Ovaries

A

LH

250
Q

Estrogen promotes the development and maintenance of what?

A

Female Reproductive Structures, Secondary Sex Characteristics, and the Breasts

251
Q

Estrogen Increases what?

A

Protein anabolism and Bone Strength

252
Q

Estrogen lowers what?

A

Blood Cholesterol

253
Q

Estrogen in Moderate levels inhibits what?

A

Release of GnRH by the Hypothalamus and secretion of FSH and LH by the Anterior Pituitary Gland

254
Q

Progesterone works with Estrogen to prepare the Endometrium for what?

A

Implantation and the Mammary Glands for Milk synthesis

255
Q

Small quantity of what is produced monthly?

A

relaxin

256
Q

The monthly production of Relaxin does what?

A

Relaxes the Uterus by inhibiting contractions, making it easier for fertilized Ovum to implant in the Uterus

257
Q

In Pregnancy, Relaxin relaxes the Pubic Synthesis and helps what?

A

Dilate the Uterine Cervix to facilitate delivery

258
Q

Inhibin inhibits the secretion of what?

A

FSH and GnRH, and to a lesser extent, LH

259
Q

Inhibin is possibly important in what?

A

Decreasing the secretion of FSH and LH toward the end of the Uterine Cycle

260
Q

How does hypoventilation decrease pH

A

Eliminates CO2 more slowly than it is being produced, decreasing pH

261
Q

How does Hyperventilation increase pH

A

Eliminates CO2 faster than it can be produced, increasing pH

262
Q

Normal Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45 (Ideally 7.4)

263
Q

Normal Blood pCO2

A

35-45mmHg

264
Q

Normal Blood HCO3

A

22-28mEq/L

265
Q

Kidney excretion of H+ is the what?

A

Slowest mechanism for removing acids, but is the only way to eliminate H+ that forms in the body

266
Q

In Kidney excretion of H+, the cells in Renal Tubules secrete H+ into the Urine, allowing what?

A

Excess H+ to be excreted when the body’s pH is too low

267
Q

Kideys can also synthesize what?

A

New Bicarb in addition to reabsorbing filtered Bicarb

268
Q

Why do the Kidneys synthesize new Bicarb while also reabsorbing filtered Bicarb?

A

So this important buffer is NOT lost in the Urine

269
Q
  • Low pH
  • Respiratory Rate increases to eliminate acid in the form of CO2
  • Kidneys excrete additional H+ in the Urine and retain Bicarb
A

Acidosis

270
Q
  • High pH
  • Respiratory rate decreases to retain acid in the form of CO2
  • Kidneys excrete Bicarb in the Urine and retain H+
A

Alkalosis

271
Q
  • Decreased pH
  • Increased Pco2
A

Respiratory Acidosis

272
Q

Caused by Hypoventilation or other causes of reduced gas exchange in the Lungs (Lungs can’t blow off enough CO2)

A

Respiratory Acidosis

273
Q

Caused by Hyperventilation (Lungs blow off too much CO2)

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

274
Q
  • Increased pH
  • Decreased Pco2
A

Respiratory Alkalosis

275
Q
  • Decreased pH
  • Decreased Bicarb
  • The 3 D’s
A

Metabolic Acidosis

276
Q

Caused by the loss of Bicarb, abnormal increase in the amount of acidic metabolites produced, or failure of the Kidneys to excrete H+ (Too little available Bicarb)

A

Metabolic Acidosis

277
Q

The 3 D’s

A
  • Diarrhea
  • DKA: Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  • Dialysis: Implies Renal Failure
278
Q

Caused by excess intake of Alkaline drugs (antacids) or Non-Respiratory loss of acid (excessive vomiting) (Too much Available Bicarb)

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

279
Q
  • Increased pH
  • Increased Bicarb
A

Metabolic Alkalosis

Anatomy and Physiology II (2 decks)

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