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Anatomy and Physiology II > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

GI Tract

A

Long Tube equaling 25 feet

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2
Q

How long is the GI Tract in a Cadaver?

A

30 feet

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3
Q

The GI Tract is open at both ends for what reason?

A

The Transit of food during procession

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4
Q

Structures of the GI Tract

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anal Canal

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5
Q

The Small Intestine is how long?

A

20 feet

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6
Q

The Large Intestine is how long?

A

5 Feet

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7
Q

Small vs. Large is assigned based on what?

A

Diameter NOT length

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8
Q

Accessory Structures of the GI Tract

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

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9
Q

Digestion begins where?

A

Teeth, Tongue, and Salivary Glands

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10
Q

What are the Six Basic Processes?

A

Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing and Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, and Defecation

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11
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into the mouth (eating)

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12
Q

Secretion

A

Release of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the Lumen of the Tract

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13
Q

How is secretion accomplished?

A

Cells of the GI Tract and Accessory Organs

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14
Q

Mixing and Propulsion

A

Result of alternating contraction and relaxation of the Smooth Muscles within the walls of the GI Tract

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15
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Movements of the GI Tract aid in breaking food into smaller pieces

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16
Q

There is no what in Mechanical Digestion?

A

Chemical change in food particles

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17
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

Series of catabolic reactions that break down large carbohydrates, lipids, and protein food molecules into smaller molecules usable by the body cells

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18
Q

Absorption

A

Passage of digested molecules from the Lumen of the GI Tract across the wall of the GI Tract, and into underlying Blood or Lymph’s for distribution to the cells throughout the body

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19
Q

Deification

A

Emptying of the rectum to eliminate indigestible substances from the GI Tract

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20
Q

Layers of the GI Tract

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and Serosa

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21
Q

Mucosa of the Stomach and Intestines is needed for what?

A

Secretion and absorption

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22
Q

The Mucosa of the Stomach and Intestines is lined with what?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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23
Q

Mucosa of the GI Tract consists of what?

A

Epithelium, which contains the Lamina Propria and the Muscularis Mucosa

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24
Q

Epithelium of the Mucosa

A

Direct contact with the contents of the GI Tract

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25
Q

In the Epithelium of the Mucosa, from the Mouth to the Esophagus it is lined with what?

A

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Cells for protection

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26
Q

In the Epithelium of the Mucosa, there is what?

A

Lamina Propria

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27
Q

Lamina Propria are found in what?

A

Lymph and Blood Vessels, Nerves and some CT

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28
Q

Type of Lamina Propria

A

MALT

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29
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymph Tissue

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30
Q

What is MALT?

A

Part of the Lymphatic System that monitors and produces an immune response against pathogens passing with food through the GI Tract

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31
Q

Muscularis Mucosa

A

Allows for local movements of the Mucosal layer that is independent of the other layers of the GI Tract Wall

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32
Q

Contraction of Smooth Muscle in the Muscularis Mucosa aids in what?

A

Rugae and Plicae

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33
Q

Rugae

A

Temporary folds that are only evident when that organ or tissue is deflated or relaxed

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34
Q

Example of Rugae

A

Gastric Rugae

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35
Q

Plicae

A

Folds that remain folded regardless of distension or relaxation

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36
Q

Plicae are what?

A

Permanent folds

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37
Q

Example of Plicae

A

Small Intestine Plicae

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38
Q

Submucosa of the GI Tract

A

Loose CT with a large number of Blood and Lymph Vesselsq

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39
Q

The Submucosa binds what to what?

A

Mucosa to the Muscularis

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40
Q

The Submucosa contains the what?

A

Submucosal Plexus

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41
Q

Submucosal Plexus

A

Controls secretions of the GI Tract and contains the Network of neurons that makes up the ENS

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42
Q

Muscularis of the mouth, pharynx, and upper part of the Esophagus is what?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue, meaning it is voluntary

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43
Q

Skeletal muscle also forms what?

A

External and Internal Sphincter

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44
Q

In the Muscularis, the rest of the tract consists of what?

A

Smooth muscle in an inner sheet of Circular fibers and an Outer sheet of Longitudinal fibers

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45
Q

The Inner Circular Fibers and Outer Longitudinal Fibers produce what 2 distinct waves?

A

Peristalsis and Segmentation

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46
Q

Peristalsis

A

Results in the food bolus progressing forward through the GI Tract from one section to the next

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47
Q

During Peristalsis, Contractions occur how?

A

Directly behind the bolus, forcing it into the next relaxed section of the tract

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48
Q

After the food bolus is forced into the relaxed section of the tract, what happens?

A

Smooth muscle of the relaxed section contracts and propels the bolus forward towards to the Rectum

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49
Q

Peristalsis is created by what?

A

Coordinating muscular contractions

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50
Q

Peristalsis is governed by what?

A

Both Hormonal and Neuronal control

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51
Q

Segmentation

A

Stationary, oscillatory waves that aid in mixing food with the Digestive Enzymes that have been secreted

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52
Q

Segmentation also does what?

A

Increases contact between the food bolus and the Mucosa

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53
Q

Segmentation increasing the contact between the food bolus and Mucosa is necessary for what?

A

Absorption

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54
Q

Segmentation is basically carried out by what?

A

Alternating contractions and relaxations of the Circular layer of the Muscularis

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55
Q

What is between the Inner and Outer Longitudinal layers in the Muscularis?

A

Myenteric Plexus

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56
Q

Myenteric Plexus

A

Controls the strengths and frequency of the muscular contractions within the GI Tract
Control GI Tract Motility

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57
Q

The Myenteric Plexus along with the Submucosal Plexus makes up the what?

A

Neural Network of the ENS

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58
Q

Serosa

A

Serous Membrane and most superficial of the GI Tract

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59
Q

What does the Serosa secrete?

A

Slippery, watery (serous) fluid

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60
Q

If the Serosa is inferior to the Diaphragm, what is it?

A

Visceral Peritoneum

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61
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous Membrane in the Abdominal cavity

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62
Q

The Peritoneum is the largest what?

A

Serous Membrane in the body

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63
Q

Parietal Peritneum

A

Portion of the Peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

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64
Q

Visceral Peritoneum

A

Covers the organs and constitutes the Serosa

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65
Q

What is the name of the space between the Parietal and Visceral Peritoneum?

A

Peritoneal Cavity

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66
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A

Contains small amount of Serous fluid secreted by the Peritoneum

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67
Q

Peritoneal Folds

A

Contains large folds that weave between the Viscera

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68
Q

What do Peritoneal Folds do?

A

Support Organs and house Blood Vessels, Lymphatic Vessels, and Nerves of the Abdominal Organs

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69
Q

What are the extensions of the Peritoneal Folds?

A

Greater Omentum, Lesser Omentum, Falciform Ligament, Mesentery, and the Mesocolon

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70
Q

Greater Omentum (apron-like)

A

Extends from the Greater Curvature of the Stomach and drapes over the anterior of the Small Intestine, then doubles itself to ascend and attach to the transverse Colon

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71
Q

The Greater Omentum is the what?

A

First structure observed when the Abdominal Cavity is open

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72
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Extends from the Liver to Lesser Curvature of the Stomach

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73
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

Attaches the Liver to the Anterior Body wall and separates the left lobe from the right lobe

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74
Q

Mesentery

A

Attaches the small Intestine to the Posterior wall of the Abdomen

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75
Q

Mesocolon

A

Attaches the Colon to the Posterior wall

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76
Q

Peritnoitis

A

Acute inflammation of the Peritoneum

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77
Q

Symptoms of Peritonitis

A

Abdominal pain, tenderness, bloating, fatigue, and satiety

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78
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Region posterior to the Abdominal Peritoneum

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79
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A

Kidneys, Pancreas, and portions of the Large Intestines

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80
Q

Where do Retroperitoneal Organs lie?

A

Against the Posterior Abdominal wall behind the Peritoneum

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81
Q

What do Salivary Glands secrete?

A

Saliva

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82
Q

Salivary Glands pour their contents into what?

A

The ducts that empty into the Oral Cavity

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83
Q

3 Pairs of Extrinsic Salivary Glands

A

Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual

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84
Q

Parotid Salivary Glands

A

Secrete Serous Fluid

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85
Q

Submandibular Salivary Glands

A

Secrete both Serous and Mucus

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86
Q

Sublingual Salivary Glands

A

Secrete Mucus

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87
Q

Salivary Glands are controlled by the what?

A

P-ANS

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88
Q

With the Salivary Glands, the P-ANS stimulates what?

A

Release of Enzymes into the Saliva for digestion

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89
Q

Saliva resulting from the S-ANS is what?

A

Thicker and contains more mucus with less digestive enzymes

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90
Q

Mumps

A

Inflammation and enlargement of the Parotid Salivary Glands caused by the infection, Mumps Virus

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91
Q

Symptoms of Mumps

A

Fever, Malaise, pain, and swelling of one or both glands

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92
Q

If an adult male beyond puberty contracts Mumps, what will he experience?

A

Inflammation of the Testes that can occasionally result in infertility

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93
Q

Digestion begins in the mouth with what?

A

Chemical digestion from Enzymes found in the Saliva

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94
Q

Through mastication (chewing), food is mixed with Saliva and what happens?

A

The food is shaped into a bolus that can be easily swallowed

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95
Q

The only chemical digestion occurring in the mouth is from what?

A

The enzymes found in Saliva

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96
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Begins the breakdown of starch by breaking particular chemical bonds between the Glucose subunits and continues to work for an hour until it becomes inactivated by the Stomach Acids

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97
Q

Pharynx

A

Funnel-Shaped tube that extends from the Internal Nares to the Larynx and Esophagus

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98
Q

The Pharynx is composed of what?

A

Skeletal muscle that’s lined by Mucous Membrane

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99
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Functions ONLY in Respiration

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100
Q

GI Tract is covered with what?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium from the Mouth down to the Stomach

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100
Q

From the Mouth to the Stomach, the GI Tract is lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium, what is it lined with after the Stomach?

A

Columnar Epithelium

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101
Q

Oropharynx

A

Digestive and Respiratory Functions

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101
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Digestive and Respiratory Functions

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102
Q

The tongue is composed of what?

A

Skeletal Muscle

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103
Q

Esophagus

A

Collapsible, Muscular tube that lies Posterior to the Trachea and connects the Pharynx to the Stomach

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104
Q

Why is the muscular portion of the Esophagus unique?

A

It contains both Skeletal and Smooth muscle

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105
Q

Upper 1/3 of the Esophagus

A

Skeletal Muscle meaning it’s voluntary

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106
Q

Middle 1/3 of the Esophagus

A

Skeletal and Smooth Muscle

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107
Q

Lower 1/3 of the Esophagus

A

Smooth Muscle

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108
Q

Muscularis at either end of Esophagus forms what 2 sphincters

A

Upper Esophageal Sphincter and Lower Esophageal Sphincter

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109
Q

Both the UES and LES are used to regulate what?

A

Passage of food further down the GI Tract

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110
Q

What does GERD Stand for?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

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111
Q

What is GERD a result of?

A

Dysfunctional LES

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112
Q

The Esophagus secretes only what?

A

Mucus

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113
Q

The Esophagus has no what?

A

Digestion, meaning there is no absorption

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114
Q

Swallowing involves the what?

A

Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

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115
Q

Swallowing is aided by the what?

A

Mucus and Saliva

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116
Q

What are the 3 Stages of Swallowing

A

Voluntary, Pharyngeal, and Esophageal

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117
Q

Voluntary Swallowing

A

Tongue helps force the food bolus into the Oropharynx

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118
Q

Pharyngeal Swallowing

A

Breathing is temporarily interrupted as food is passing through the Oropharynx and into the Esophagus

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119
Q

What helps prevent food from going down the wrong pipe?

A

Soft Palate and Uvula, Epiglottis, and the Vocal Cords

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120
Q

Soft Palate and Uvula

A

Move upward to close of the Nasopharynx

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121
Q

Epiglottis

A

Closes off the Larynx as it elevates

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122
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Come together to close the entry into the Trachea

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123
Q

Esophageal Swallowing

A

Food Bolus is passed through the Esophagus into the Stomach by Peristalsis

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124
Q

In Esophageal Swallowing, what is the first step of Peristalsis?

A

Circular fibers above the bolus squeeze the bolus downward

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125
Q

In Esophageal Swallowing, what is the second step of Peristalsis?

A

Longitudinal fibers around the bottom of the bolus contract and therefore shorten and widen the Lumen of the Esophagus at the particular region in which the bolus is entering

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126
Q

In Esophageal swallowing, what is the third step of Peristalsis?

A

After the bolus moves into the new section of the Esophagus, Circular Muscles above it contract and the cycle repeats

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127
Q

Difference between Peristalsis and Segmentation

A

Peristalsis is created by coordinating muscular contractions and Segmentation is carried out by alternating contractions and relaxations of the circular layer of the muscularis

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128
Q

Mucosa of the Stomach lines the surface with what?

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium Cells

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129
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium Cells are called what?

A

Surface Mucous Cells

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130
Q

The Surface Epithelium have numerous what?

A

Invaginations into the Lamina Propria

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131
Q

The numerous invaginations of the Surface Epithelium into the Lamina Propria are called what?

A

Gastric Pits

132
Q

What does Surface Mucous Cells produce?

A

Cloudy, viscous, and Alkaline Mucus that forms thick, gel-like juices to protect it from abrasions and prevent Gastric Juices from destroying underlying tissue layers

133
Q

Gastric Pits open up into what?

A

Gastric Glands

134
Q

Why do Gastric Pits open up into Gastric Glands?

A

The pores open into the Lumens of the Stomach that lead to Glands

135
Q

Exocrine

A

Glands that secrete their products through ducts opening into an Epithelium rather than directly into the Bloodstream (outside world)

136
Q

Exocrine Gland Secretions

A

Mucous Neck Cells, Chief Cells, and Parietal Cells

137
Q

Exocrine secretions from the three Exocrine Cells are collectively called what?

A

Gastric Juices

138
Q

Mucous Neck Cells

A

Secrete Mucus, which lines and protects the Stomach

139
Q

Chief Cells

A

Secrete Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase

140
Q

Pepsinogen2

A

Precursor of Pepsin

141
Q

pepsin is active at a pH of what?

A

2

142
Q

Gastric Lipase works at a pH of what?

A

3-6

143
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete HCl and Intrinsic Factor

144
Q

HCl

A

Lowers the pH in the Stomach, neutralizes Chyme, and converts Pepsinogen to Pepsin

145
Q

Intrinsic Factor

A

Necessary for the absorption of B12 in the Small Intestine

146
Q

Inadequate Production of Intrinsic Factor results in what?

A

Pernicious Anemia

147
Q

Endocrine

A

Glands that secrete Hormones or other products directly into the Blood stream

148
Q

Endocrine secretions are NOT a part of the what?

A

Gastric Juice because the products are released into the bloodstream, Not the Stomach lumen

149
Q

Endocrine Gland Secretion

A

Gastrin

150
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by G Cells

151
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulate Chief, parietal, and Paracrine Cells, relaxes the Pyloric and Ileocecal Sphincters, and promotes the mass movement of food through the GI Tract

152
Q

G Cells

A

Enteroendocrine Cells meaning they are hormone-secreting cells in the GI Tract

153
Q

Paracrine

A

Relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on adjacent cells

154
Q

Paracrine Secretion

A

Paracrine Cells

155
Q

Paracrine Cells

A

Secrete Histamine

156
Q

Histamine stimulates what?

A

Secretion of HCl from Parietal Cells

157
Q

Autocrine

A

Relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cells and acting on surface receptors of the same cells

158
Q

Chemical Digestion in the Stomach is primarily by what?

A

Pepsin

159
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme that breaks down Peptide bonds

160
Q

pepsin is the only major what?

A

Digestive enzyme effective in strongly acidic environment, like the stomach

161
Q

Stomach

A

J-Shaped enlargement of the GI Tract that begins at the distal aspect of the Esophagus and ends at the pyloric sphincter

162
Q

Stomach serves as a what?

A

Mixing and holding area for food, continues digestions, and converts the food bolus to a liquid called Chyme

163
Q

Subdivisions of the Stomach

A

Cardia, Fundus, and Pylorus

164
Q

Gastric Rugae

A

When the stomach is empty, the luminal aspect of the stomach exhibits temporary folds, which are the gastric Rugae

165
Q

When are Gastric Rugae formed?

A

During the contractions of the Muscularis Mucosae

166
Q

As the Stomach fills, what happens to the gastric Rugae?

A

They disappear and form Smooth Mucosa

167
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Smooth Muscle in the muscularis of the Stomach

A

Longitudinal, Circular, and an Inner Oblique Layer

168
Q

With the Lesser Curvature, the Visceral Peritoneum becomes the what?

A

Lesser Omentum

169
Q

With the Greater Curvature, the Visceral Peritoneum becomes the what?

A

Greater Omentum

170
Q

The Stomach is what to most substances?

A

Impermeable

171
Q

What are some thing that the Stomach is permeable to?

A

Water, Electrolytes, Aspirin and Alcohol

172
Q

Aspirin and Alcohol disrupt the Gastric Mucous Barrier, which does what?

A

Contributes to the development of or worsening of Gastric Ulcers

173
Q

Peptic ulcer Diseases (PUD)

A

Umbrella condition that includes both Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers

174
Q

Divisions of the Pancreas

A

Head, Body, and Tail

175
Q

The Pancreas connects to the Duodenum via the what?

A

Pancreatic Duct and Accessory Duct

176
Q

The Pancreatic Duct and Common Bile Duct join at the what?

A

Ampulla of Vater

177
Q

Release of fluid from the Ampulla of Vater is controlled by the what?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

178
Q

Endocrine Pancreas Cells constitute what percentage of the Pancreatic Cells

A

1 percent

179
Q

Cells within the Pancreatic Iselts of the Endocrine Pancreas

A

Alpha, Beta, and Delta Cells

180
Q

Alpha Cells

A

Secrete Glucagon

181
Q

Glucagon

A

increases Blood Glucose

182
Q

Beta Cells

A

Secrete Insulin

183
Q

Insulin

A

Decreases Blood Glucose

184
Q

Delta Cells

A

Secrete Somatostatin

185
Q

Somatostatin

A

Maintains Homeostasis of hormones

186
Q

The Exocrine Pancreas constitutes what percentage of Pancreatic Cells

A

99 percent

187
Q

Exocrine Pancreas Cells secrete what?

A

Mixture of Sodium Bicarbonate and Digestive Enzymes

188
Q

Sodium Bicarb and Digestive Enzymes make up what?

A

Pancreatic Juices

189
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A

Secreted from Pancreatic Acinar Cells in response to the hormone CCK

190
Q

Digestive Enzymes function best at what?

A

An Alkaline pH

191
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Digests Starch

192
Q

Pancreatic Proteases

A

Digests Protein

193
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Digests lipids

194
Q

Pancreatic and Gastric Lipase both work to digest Lipids, but do what differently?

A

Have slightly different mechanisms of action and function at different pH levels

195
Q

Pancreatic Lipase is the more what?

A

Significant player

196
Q

Pancreatic Nucleases

A

Digest Nucleic acids

197
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate

A

Secreted from Pancreatic Duct Epithelial cells in response to Secretin

198
Q

Sodium Bicarbonate does what?

A

Converts acidic Chyme to alkaline, halts the activity of Pepsin and gastric lipase, and promotes the activity of Pancreatic Enzymes because they function best as Alkaline

199
Q

Secretion of Sodium Bicarb and Digestive enzymes is under control of what 2 horomones?

A

CCK and Secretin, which allows for separate control mechanisms

200
Q

CCK

A

Secreted by the Duodenum and stimulates the release of enzymes from the Pancreatic Acinar Cells

201
Q

Secretin

A

Secreted by the Duodenum and stimulates the release of Sodium Bicarb from the Pancreatic Duct Epithelial Cells which causes the Pancreas to do its job

202
Q

Hepatic Lobule is the what?

A

Functional unit of the liver

203
Q

In the Hepatic Lobule, the several Hepatic Sinusoids radiating out from the Central vein are going towards what?

A

Portal Triads

204
Q

What is the basic function of the Hepatocyte?

A

To produce Bile

205
Q

Bile

A

Bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish-brown fluid

206
Q

Humans make roughly how much Bile a day?

A

500ml

207
Q

What is the purpose of Bile?

A

Detergent action on particles of dietary fat, causing fat globules to break apart into minute, microscopic fat droplets

208
Q

the 3 basic components of Bile

A

Bile Salts, Bilirubin and Cholesterol

209
Q

Bile Salts

A

Aid in the emulsification and assembly of Micelles

210
Q

what percentage of Bile Salts are reabsorbed?

A

95 percent

211
Q

What percent of bile Salts are excreted in the feces?

A

5 percent

212
Q

Bile Salts that are reabsorbed is done so by how?

A

Terminal ileum and returned to the Liver via the Hepatic Portal System for reuse

213
Q

The pathway of which takes reabsorbed Bile Salts via the Terminal Ileum and returned to the Liver by the Hepatic Portal System is called the what?

A

Enterohepatic Circulation

214
Q

Bilirubin

A

Derived from Heme when Fixed Macrophages in the Spleen and Liver remove RBC’s from circulation

215
Q

Bilirubin is the principal what?

A

Pigment found in Bile

216
Q

In the process of making Bilirubin, what is the first step?

A

RBC’s are broken down into their Heme and Globin parts

217
Q

In the process of making Bilirubin, what happens when the Globin portion is broken down?

A

The Globin is broken down into AA’s and reused to create other proteins

218
Q

In the Process of making bilirubin, what happens when the Heme portion is broken down?

A

The Heme is broken down and the iron is removed to be stored for later use during Erythopoiesis

219
Q

The non-iron portion of Heme is converted to what?

A

Biliverdin and then to Bilirubin

220
Q

Bilirubin enters the blood and is then what?

A

Transported to the liver where its stored and releases by Hepatocytes as part of Bile

221
Q

Cholesterol

A

Created by the Liver and/or consumed in the diet

222
Q

Bile is synthesized where?

A

Hepatocytes

223
Q

How is Bile Transported?

A

By a Duct System either to the Duodenum for immediate use or the Gallbladder for concentration and temporary storage

224
Q

With the transportation of Bile, the Duct System begins with what?

A

Bile Cannaliculi

225
Q

Bile Cannaliculi

A

Small ducts wedged between hepatocytes that collect Bile as it is being produced

226
Q

Bile flows from the Cannaliculi to where?

A

Bile ducts and then to the R/L Hepatic Ducts

227
Q

From the R/L Hepatic Ducts, where does Bile go to next?

A

The Common Hepatic Duct and then to the Common Bile Duct

228
Q

From the Common Bile Duct, where does Bile go to next?

A

Through the Ampulla of Vater, out the Sphincter of Oddi and into the Duodenum

229
Q

When the Sphincter of Oddi is closed due to there being no food in the Duodenum in need of digestion, what happens to the Bile?

A

It backs up into the Cystic Duct and into the Gallbladder to be concentrated and stored for future use

230
Q

A Portal Triad consists of what?

A

Bile Duct, Branch of the Hepatic Artery, and a branch of the Hepatic Portal Vein

231
Q

Function of the Liver in Digestion

A

Create Bile

232
Q

Function of the Liver in Immunity

A

Kupffer Cells

233
Q

Function of the Liver in Carbohydrate Metabolism

A

Stores Glycogen, which releases Glucose as needed and helps maintain blood glucose levels

234
Q

3 sections of the Small Intestine

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

235
Q

How long is the Duodenum?

A

1 foot

236
Q

How long is the Jejunum?

A

8 feet

237
Q

How long is the Ileum

A

10 feet

238
Q

Absorption occurs how?

A

Osmosis, Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Active transport

239
Q

What percentage of absorption takes place in the Small Intestine?

A

90 percent

240
Q

what percentage of absorption happens in the Stomach and Large Intestine?

A

10 percent

241
Q

All water absorption in the GI Tract occurs how?

A

Osmosis from the Lumen of the Intestines through Mucosal Epithelium Cells and into the Blood Capillaries

242
Q

Absorption of water in the Small Intestine depends on what?

A

The absorption of electrolytes and nutrients to maintain an Osmotic balance within the Blood

243
Q

Absorption of Monosaccharides

A

Essentially all carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides

244
Q

What does carbohydrates being absorbed as monosaccharides mean?

A

They absorbed into the Blood capillaries of the Villi

245
Q

Most proteins are absorbed how?

A

Into Enterocytes in the form of AA’s, Dipeptides, or Tripeptides

246
Q

Inside Enterocytes, what happens?

A

Dipeptides and Tripeptides are digested into single AA’s

247
Q

After Dipeptides and Tripeptides are digested within Enterocytes, what happens to the AA’s?

A

Then absorbed into Blood Capillaries of the Villi

248
Q

Triglycerides are composed of what?

A

Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids

249
Q

Fatty acids can be what?

A

Short, medium, or long chain

250
Q

Lipids cannot be absorbed as what?

A

one molecule, rather their components are absorbed as either monoglycerides or free FA’s

251
Q

What are Micelles composed of?

A

Long-Chain FA’s, Monosaccharides, Cholesterol, Vitamins DAKE, and other dietary lipids

252
Q

Bile salts keep Micelles what?

A

Soluble until they can e transported into the Absorptive Cells

253
Q

Chylomicrons are the largest what?

A

Particles with a protein coat and the largest Lipoprotein

254
Q

Chylomicrons are exocytosed through the what?

A

Basal Aspect of the Absorptive Cell and transported into the Lacteals

255
Q

Chylomicrons carry what away?

A

Long-Chain Fatty Acids

256
Q

Some Lipids are what?

A

Insoluble in water and body fluid

257
Q

In order to be transported within the blood and utilized by body cells, Lipids need to be what?

A

Combined with protein transporters to be made soluble

258
Q

Types of Lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons and LDL

259
Q

Chylomicrons do what?

A

Transport exogenous Lipids

260
Q

LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)

A

“Lousy Cholesterol”

261
Q

What are the ideal lab values for LDL?

A

Low labs

262
Q

HDL’s are able to do what?

A

Remove Cholesterol from buildup within the Arterial Wall

263
Q

When Chyme reaches the Ileum, most Bile Salts are what?

A

Reabsorbed and transported back to the Liver via Enterohepatic Circulation

264
Q

After Bile salts are reabsorbed and transported back to the Liver in Enterohepatic Circulation, Bilirubin is excreted as what?

A

Waste

265
Q

Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A

Included in the Micelles

266
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A

DAKE

267
Q

Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

Absorbed via Simple Diffusion into the Blood Stream

268
Q

Water-Soluble Vitamins

A

B and C

269
Q

The Mucosal wall of the Small Intestine is made up of what?

A

Villi

270
Q

The Villi of the Mucosal Wall in the Small Intestine does what?

A

Increases Surface Area

271
Q

The Surface area of the Absorptive Cells is made up of what?

A

Microvilli (Brush Border)

272
Q

Where are the Digestive Enzymes found?

A

Brush Border (Microvilli)

273
Q

What are the Digestive Enzymes found on the Brush Border?

A

Maltase, Lactase, and Sucrase

274
Q

Absorptive Cells function primarily in what?

A

Ion and Water absorption

275
Q

Goblet Cells

A

Mucus secreting Cells and are single-celled exocrine glands

276
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

CCK Cells, S Cells, and K Cells

277
Q

The Lamina Propria contain Lacteals embedded within each what?

A

Villus

278
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillary of the Small Intestine

279
Q

The Lamina Propria also have what embedded within that extend into the Submucosal layer?

A

Peyer’s Patches

280
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Specific type of MALT

281
Q

First step following a meal in Mechanical Digestion

A

Segmentation occurs

282
Q

Second Step following a meal in Mechanical Digestion

A

After most of the food is absorbed, segmentation ceases and Peristalsis begins, traveling in waves across the successfully digested parts of the Small Intestine

283
Q

Third Step following a meal in Mechanical Digestion

A

The Peristalsis waves propel Chyme onward throuhg the Intestinal Tract, sweeping undigested parts of the stomach and Small Intestine towards the Terminal Ileum

284
Q

The third step of mechanical digestion following a meal is what a phenomenon of what?

A

The ENS

285
Q

Motilin modifies what?

A

Activity of Peristalsis wave patterns

286
Q

First step of Chemical digestion in the Small Intestine

A

Chyme enters the Small Intestine containing partially digested carbs and proteins

287
Q

Second Step of Chemical digestion in the Small intestine

A

Completion of digestion in the Small Intestine is a collective effort of Bile, Pancreatic Juice, Intestinal Juice and the Brush Border Enzymes

288
Q

Third step of Chemical digestion in the Small Intestine

A

The final products of digestion are ready for absorption from the Lumen across the Mucosa and into the Blood capillaries or in some cases, the Lymphatic Capillaries

289
Q

Ions and Water absorb into the Blood by what?

A

Osmosis

290
Q

Monosaccharides, Simple AA’s, Dipeptides, Tripeptides, and Short-Medium Chain FA’s absorb in the small Intestine by what?

A

Simple Diffusion

291
Q

Long-Chain FA’s are emulsified by what into what?

A

Bile Salts into Micelles

292
Q

Micelles can be more easily what?

A

Transported into absorptive cells

293
Q

Micelles are converted into what?

A

Chylomicrons in the Cells

294
Q

Chylomicrons are transported into the what?

A

Lacteals

295
Q

Mucosa of the Large Intestine does not have what?

A

Villi

296
Q

In the Large Intestine, most of the Intestinal Glands only secrete what?

A

Mucus

297
Q

The Longitudinal Muscles of the Muscularis have what?

A

3 bands called Taenia Coli

298
Q

Absorption in the Large Intestine is primarily what?

A

Water, electrolytes and vitamins

299
Q

Deification reflex is primarily under what control?

A

P-ANS

300
Q

Deification is aided by what?

A

Voluntary contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles

301
Q

The what can be voluntarily controlled, except in infants

A

External Anal Sphincter

302
Q

Cephalic Phase Triggers

A

Smells, sights, or thoughts of food activates the Sensory Receptors

303
Q

Cephalic Phase Effects

A

Stimulates Salivary and Gastric secretions, and Motility

304
Q

Gastric Phase Triggers

A

Begins with either: Stomach walls are distended or pH increase

305
Q

With the Gastric Phase Trigger where the Stomach walls are distended, what does that activate?

A

Stretch receptors

306
Q

With the Gastric Phase trigger where the pH increases, what does that activate?

A

Chemoreceptors that cause the pH to increase when proteins enter the Stomach and buffer some of the Stomach acid

307
Q

Gastric Phase Effects

A

Results in waves of Peristalsis and continual flow of Gastric Juices, as well as relaxes the Pyloric Sphincter

308
Q

What do the inhibitory effects do in the Intestinal Phase?

A

Slows the exit of Chyme from the Stomach and prevents overloading of the Duodenum with more Chyme than it can handle

309
Q

In the Intestinal Phase, what is the response to the inhibitory effects?

A

The promotion of continued digestion of foods that reached the Small Intestine

310
Q

Intestinal Phase Triggers

A

Food enters the Duodenum

311
Q

Intestinal Phase Effects

A

Regulation by both the Neural and Hormonal Component

312
Q

Intestinal Phase Effects by the Neural Component

A

Stimulated by the distension of the Duodenum

313
Q

What does the Neural regulation of the Intestinal phase trigger?

A

The Enterogastric reflex which inhibits Gastric Emptying

314
Q

Intestinal Phase Effects by the Hormonal Component

A

Stimulated by components of the Chyme entering the Intestine

315
Q

What does the Hormonal regulation of the Intestinal phase trigger when it is Chyme with AA or FA?

A

Stimulates the release of CCK

316
Q

What does the Hormonal regulation of the Intestinal phase trigger when it is Chyme with the acidic component?

A

Stimulates the release of Secretin

317
Q

Gastric Emptying

A

Process by which the contents of the stomach are moved into the Duodenum

318
Q

The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is what?

A

Intrinsic

319
Q

The Autonomic NS (SANS and PANS) is what?

A

Extrinsic

320
Q

S

A

Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland

321
Q

A

A

Aorta/IVC

322
Q

D

A

Duodenum (2nd and 3rd parts)

323
Q

P

A

Pancreas (except the tail)

324
Q

U

A

Ureters

325
Q

C

A

Colon (ascending and descending)

326
Q

K

A

Kidneys

327
Q

E

A

Esophagus

328
Q

R

A

Rectum

Anatomy and Physiology II (2 decks)

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