The Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
GI Tract
A
Long Tube equaling 25 feet
2
Q
How long is the GI Tract in a Cadaver?
A
30 feet
3
Q
The GI Tract is open at both ends for what reason?
A
The Transit of food during procession
4
Q
Structures of the GI Tract
A
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, and Anal Canal
5
Q
The Small Intestine is how long?
A
20 feet
6
Q
The Large Intestine is how long?
A
5 Feet
7
Q
Small vs. Large is assigned based on what?
A
Diameter NOT length
8
Q
Accessory Structures of the GI Tract
A
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
9
Q
Digestion begins where?
A
Teeth, Tongue, and Salivary Glands
10
Q
What are the Six Basic Processes?
A
Ingestion, Secretion, Mixing and Propulsion, Digestion, Absorption, and Defecation
11
Q
Ingestion
A
Taking food into the mouth (eating)
12
Q
Secretion
A
Release of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the Lumen of the Tract
13
Q
How is secretion accomplished?
A
Cells of the GI Tract and Accessory Organs
14
Q
Mixing and Propulsion
A
Result of alternating contraction and relaxation of the Smooth Muscles within the walls of the GI Tract
15
Q
Mechanical Digestion
A
Movements of the GI Tract aid in breaking food into smaller pieces
16
Q
There is no what in Mechanical Digestion?
A
Chemical change in food particles
17
Q
Chemical Digestion
A
Series of catabolic reactions that break down large carbohydrates, lipids, and protein food molecules into smaller molecules usable by the body cells
18
Q
Absorption
A
Passage of digested molecules from the Lumen of the GI Tract across the wall of the GI Tract, and into underlying Blood or Lymph’s for distribution to the cells throughout the body
19
Q
Deification
A
Emptying of the rectum to eliminate indigestible substances from the GI Tract
20
Q
Layers of the GI Tract
A
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, and Serosa
21
Q
Mucosa of the Stomach and Intestines is needed for what?
A
Secretion and absorption
22
Q
The Mucosa of the Stomach and Intestines is lined with what?
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
23
Q
Mucosa of the GI Tract consists of what?
A
Epithelium, which contains the Lamina Propria and the Muscularis Mucosa
24
Q
Epithelium of the Mucosa
A
Direct contact with the contents of the GI Tract
25
In the Epithelium of the Mucosa, from the Mouth to the Esophagus it is lined with what?
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Cells for protection
26
In the Epithelium of the Mucosa, there is what?
Lamina Propria
27
Lamina Propria are found in what?
Lymph and Blood Vessels, Nerves and some CT
28
Type of Lamina Propria
MALT
29
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-Associated Lymph Tissue
30
What is MALT?
Part of the Lymphatic System that monitors and produces an immune response against pathogens passing with food through the GI Tract
31
Muscularis Mucosa
Allows for local movements of the Mucosal layer that is independent of the other layers of the GI Tract Wall
32
Contraction of Smooth Muscle in the Muscularis Mucosa aids in what?
Rugae and Plicae
33
Rugae
Temporary folds that are only evident when that organ or tissue is deflated or relaxed
34
Example of Rugae
Gastric Rugae
35
Plicae
Folds that remain folded regardless of distension or relaxation
36
Plicae are what?
Permanent folds
37
Example of Plicae
Small Intestine Plicae
38
Submucosa of the GI Tract
Loose CT with a large number of Blood and Lymph Vesselsq
39
The Submucosa binds what to what?
Mucosa to the Muscularis
40
The Submucosa contains the what?
Submucosal Plexus
41
Submucosal Plexus
Controls secretions of the GI Tract and contains the Network of neurons that makes up the ENS
42
Muscularis of the mouth, pharynx, and upper part of the Esophagus is what?
Skeletal muscle tissue, meaning it is voluntary
43
Skeletal muscle also forms what?
External and Internal Sphincter
44
In the Muscularis, the rest of the tract consists of what?
Smooth muscle in an inner sheet of Circular fibers and an Outer sheet of Longitudinal fibers
45
The Inner Circular Fibers and Outer Longitudinal Fibers produce what 2 distinct waves?
Peristalsis and Segmentation
46
Peristalsis
Results in the food bolus progressing forward through the GI Tract from one section to the next
47
During Peristalsis, Contractions occur how?
Directly behind the bolus, forcing it into the next relaxed section of the tract
48
After the food bolus is forced into the relaxed section of the tract, what happens?
Smooth muscle of the relaxed section contracts and propels the bolus forward towards to the Rectum
49
Peristalsis is created by what?
Coordinating muscular contractions
50
Peristalsis is governed by what?
Both Hormonal and Neuronal control
51
Segmentation
Stationary, oscillatory waves that aid in mixing food with the Digestive Enzymes that have been secreted
52
Segmentation also does what?
Increases contact between the food bolus and the Mucosa
53
Segmentation increasing the contact between the food bolus and Mucosa is necessary for what?
Absorption
54
Segmentation is basically carried out by what?
Alternating contractions and relaxations of the Circular layer of the Muscularis
55
What is between the Inner and Outer Longitudinal layers in the Muscularis?
Myenteric Plexus
56
Myenteric Plexus
Controls the strengths and frequency of the muscular contractions within the GI Tract
Control GI Tract Motility
57
The Myenteric Plexus along with the Submucosal Plexus makes up the what?
Neural Network of the ENS
58
Serosa
Serous Membrane and most superficial of the GI Tract
59
What does the Serosa secrete?
Slippery, watery (serous) fluid
60
If the Serosa is inferior to the Diaphragm, what is it?
Visceral Peritoneum
61
Peritoneum
Serous Membrane in the Abdominal cavity
62
The Peritoneum is the largest what?
Serous Membrane in the body
63
Parietal Peritneum
Portion of the Peritoneum that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity
64
Visceral Peritoneum
Covers the organs and constitutes the Serosa
65
What is the name of the space between the Parietal and Visceral Peritoneum?
Peritoneal Cavity
66
Peritoneal Cavity
Contains small amount of Serous fluid secreted by the Peritoneum
67
Peritoneal Folds
Contains large folds that weave between the Viscera
68
What do Peritoneal Folds do?
Support Organs and house Blood Vessels, Lymphatic Vessels, and Nerves of the Abdominal Organs
69
What are the extensions of the Peritoneal Folds?
Greater Omentum, Lesser Omentum, Falciform Ligament, Mesentery, and the Mesocolon
70
Greater Omentum (apron-like)
Extends from the Greater Curvature of the Stomach and drapes over the anterior of the Small Intestine, then doubles itself to ascend and attach to the transverse Colon
71
The Greater Omentum is the what?
First structure observed when the Abdominal Cavity is open
72
Lesser Omentum
Extends from the Liver to Lesser Curvature of the Stomach
73
Falciform Ligament
Attaches the Liver to the Anterior Body wall and separates the left lobe from the right lobe
74
Mesentery
Attaches the small Intestine to the Posterior wall of the Abdomen
75
Mesocolon
Attaches the Colon to the Posterior wall
76
Peritnoitis
Acute inflammation of the Peritoneum
77
Symptoms of Peritonitis
Abdominal pain, tenderness, bloating, fatigue, and satiety
78
Retroperitoneal
Region posterior to the Abdominal Peritoneum
79
Retroperitoneal Organs
Kidneys, Pancreas, and portions of the Large Intestines
80
Where do Retroperitoneal Organs lie?
Against the Posterior Abdominal wall behind the Peritoneum
81
What do Salivary Glands secrete?
Saliva
82
Salivary Glands pour their contents into what?
The ducts that empty into the Oral Cavity
83
3 Pairs of Extrinsic Salivary Glands
Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual
84
Parotid Salivary Glands
Secrete Serous Fluid
85
Submandibular Salivary Glands
Secrete both Serous and Mucus
86
Sublingual Salivary Glands
Secrete Mucus
87
Salivary Glands are controlled by the what?
P-ANS
88
With the Salivary Glands, the P-ANS stimulates what?
Release of Enzymes into the Saliva for digestion
89
Saliva resulting from the S-ANS is what?
Thicker and contains more mucus with less digestive enzymes
90
Mumps
Inflammation and enlargement of the Parotid Salivary Glands caused by the infection, Mumps Virus
91
Symptoms of Mumps
Fever, Malaise, pain, and swelling of one or both glands
92
If an adult male beyond puberty contracts Mumps, what will he experience?
Inflammation of the Testes that can occasionally result in infertility
93
Digestion begins in the mouth with what?
Chemical digestion from Enzymes found in the Saliva
94
Through mastication (chewing), food is mixed with Saliva and what happens?
The food is shaped into a bolus that can be easily swallowed
95
The only chemical digestion occurring in the mouth is from what?
The enzymes found in Saliva
96
Salivary Amylase
Begins the breakdown of starch by breaking particular chemical bonds between the Glucose subunits and continues to work for an hour until it becomes inactivated by the Stomach Acids
97
Pharynx
Funnel-Shaped tube that extends from the Internal Nares to the Larynx and Esophagus
98
The Pharynx is composed of what?
Skeletal muscle that's lined by Mucous Membrane
99
Nasopharynx
Functions ONLY in Respiration
100
GI Tract is covered with what?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium from the Mouth down to the Stomach
100
From the Mouth to the Stomach, the GI Tract is lined with Stratified Squamous Epithelium, what is it lined with after the Stomach?
Columnar Epithelium
101
Oropharynx
Digestive and Respiratory Functions
101
Laryngopharynx
Digestive and Respiratory Functions
102
The tongue is composed of what?
Skeletal Muscle
103
Esophagus
Collapsible, Muscular tube that lies Posterior to the Trachea and connects the Pharynx to the Stomach
104
Why is the muscular portion of the Esophagus unique?
It contains both Skeletal and Smooth muscle
105
Upper 1/3 of the Esophagus
Skeletal Muscle meaning it's voluntary
106
Middle 1/3 of the Esophagus
Skeletal and Smooth Muscle
107
Lower 1/3 of the Esophagus
Smooth Muscle
108
Muscularis at either end of Esophagus forms what 2 sphincters
Upper Esophageal Sphincter and Lower Esophageal Sphincter
109
Both the UES and LES are used to regulate what?
Passage of food further down the GI Tract
110
What does GERD Stand for?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
111
What is GERD a result of?
Dysfunctional LES
112
The Esophagus secretes only what?
Mucus
113
The Esophagus has no what?
Digestion, meaning there is no absorption
114
Swallowing involves the what?
Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
115
Swallowing is aided by the what?
Mucus and Saliva
116
What are the 3 Stages of Swallowing
Voluntary, Pharyngeal, and Esophageal
117
Voluntary Swallowing
Tongue helps force the food bolus into the Oropharynx
118
Pharyngeal Swallowing
Breathing is temporarily interrupted as food is passing through the Oropharynx and into the Esophagus
119
What helps prevent food from going down the wrong pipe?
Soft Palate and Uvula, Epiglottis, and the Vocal Cords
120
Soft Palate and Uvula
Move upward to close of the Nasopharynx
121
Epiglottis
Closes off the Larynx as it elevates
122
Vocal Cords
Come together to close the entry into the Trachea
123
Esophageal Swallowing
Food Bolus is passed through the Esophagus into the Stomach by Peristalsis
124
In Esophageal Swallowing, what is the first step of Peristalsis?
Circular fibers above the bolus squeeze the bolus downward
125
In Esophageal Swallowing, what is the second step of Peristalsis?
Longitudinal fibers around the bottom of the bolus contract and therefore shorten and widen the Lumen of the Esophagus at the particular region in which the bolus is entering
126
In Esophageal swallowing, what is the third step of Peristalsis?
After the bolus moves into the new section of the Esophagus, Circular Muscles above it contract and the cycle repeats
127
Difference between Peristalsis and Segmentation
Peristalsis is created by coordinating muscular contractions and Segmentation is carried out by alternating contractions and relaxations of the circular layer of the muscularis
128
Mucosa of the Stomach lines the surface with what?
Simple Columnar Epithelium Cells
129
Simple Columnar Epithelium Cells are called what?
Surface Mucous Cells
130
The Surface Epithelium have numerous what?
Invaginations into the Lamina Propria
131
The numerous invaginations of the Surface Epithelium into the Lamina Propria are called what?
Gastric Pits
132
What does Surface Mucous Cells produce?
Cloudy, viscous, and Alkaline Mucus that forms thick, gel-like juices to protect it from abrasions and prevent Gastric Juices from destroying underlying tissue layers
133
Gastric Pits open up into what?
Gastric Glands
134
Why do Gastric Pits open up into Gastric Glands?
The pores open into the Lumens of the Stomach that lead to Glands
135
Exocrine
Glands that secrete their products through ducts opening into an Epithelium rather than directly into the Bloodstream (outside world)
136
Exocrine Gland Secretions
Mucous Neck Cells, Chief Cells, and Parietal Cells
137
Exocrine secretions from the three Exocrine Cells are collectively called what?
Gastric Juices
138
Mucous Neck Cells
Secrete Mucus, which lines and protects the Stomach
139
Chief Cells
Secrete Pepsinogen and Gastric Lipase
140
Pepsinogen2
Precursor of Pepsin
141
pepsin is active at a pH of what?
2
142
Gastric Lipase works at a pH of what?
3-6
143
Parietal Cells
Secrete HCl and Intrinsic Factor
144
HCl
Lowers the pH in the Stomach, neutralizes Chyme, and converts Pepsinogen to Pepsin
145
Intrinsic Factor
Necessary for the absorption of B12 in the Small Intestine
146
Inadequate Production of Intrinsic Factor results in what?
Pernicious Anemia
147
Endocrine
Glands that secrete Hormones or other products directly into the Blood stream
148
Endocrine secretions are NOT a part of the what?
Gastric Juice because the products are released into the bloodstream, Not the Stomach lumen
149
Endocrine Gland Secretion
Gastrin
150
Gastrin
Secreted by G Cells
151
What does gastrin do?
Stimulate Chief, parietal, and Paracrine Cells, relaxes the Pyloric and Ileocecal Sphincters, and promotes the mass movement of food through the GI Tract
152
G Cells
Enteroendocrine Cells meaning they are hormone-secreting cells in the GI Tract
153
Paracrine
Relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on adjacent cells
154
Paracrine Secretion
Paracrine Cells
155
Paracrine Cells
Secrete Histamine
156
Histamine stimulates what?
Secretion of HCl from Parietal Cells
157
Autocrine
Relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cells and acting on surface receptors of the same cells
158
Chemical Digestion in the Stomach is primarily by what?
Pepsin
159
Pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down Peptide bonds
160
pepsin is the only major what?
Digestive enzyme effective in strongly acidic environment, like the stomach
161
Stomach
J-Shaped enlargement of the GI Tract that begins at the distal aspect of the Esophagus and ends at the pyloric sphincter
162
Stomach serves as a what?
Mixing and holding area for food, continues digestions, and converts the food bolus to a liquid called Chyme
163
Subdivisions of the Stomach
Cardia, Fundus, and Pylorus
164
Gastric Rugae
When the stomach is empty, the luminal aspect of the stomach exhibits temporary folds, which are the gastric Rugae
165
When are Gastric Rugae formed?
During the contractions of the Muscularis Mucosae
166
As the Stomach fills, what happens to the gastric Rugae?
They disappear and form Smooth Mucosa
167
What are the 3 layers of the Smooth Muscle in the muscularis of the Stomach
Longitudinal, Circular, and an Inner Oblique Layer
168
With the Lesser Curvature, the Visceral Peritoneum becomes the what?
Lesser Omentum
169
With the Greater Curvature, the Visceral Peritoneum becomes the what?
Greater Omentum
170
The Stomach is what to most substances?
Impermeable
171
What are some thing that the Stomach is permeable to?
Water, Electrolytes, Aspirin and Alcohol
172
Aspirin and Alcohol disrupt the Gastric Mucous Barrier, which does what?
Contributes to the development of or worsening of Gastric Ulcers
173
Peptic ulcer Diseases (PUD)
Umbrella condition that includes both Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers
174
Divisions of the Pancreas
Head, Body, and Tail
175
The Pancreas connects to the Duodenum via the what?
Pancreatic Duct and Accessory Duct
176
The Pancreatic Duct and Common Bile Duct join at the what?
Ampulla of Vater
177
Release of fluid from the Ampulla of Vater is controlled by the what?
Sphincter of Oddi
178
Endocrine Pancreas Cells constitute what percentage of the Pancreatic Cells
1 percent
179
Cells within the Pancreatic Iselts of the Endocrine Pancreas
Alpha, Beta, and Delta Cells
180
Alpha Cells
Secrete Glucagon
181
Glucagon
increases Blood Glucose
182
Beta Cells
Secrete Insulin
183
Insulin
Decreases Blood Glucose
184
Delta Cells
Secrete Somatostatin
185
Somatostatin
Maintains Homeostasis of hormones
186
The Exocrine Pancreas constitutes what percentage of Pancreatic Cells
99 percent
187
Exocrine Pancreas Cells secrete what?
Mixture of Sodium Bicarbonate and Digestive Enzymes
188
Sodium Bicarb and Digestive Enzymes make up what?
Pancreatic Juices
189
Digestive Enzymes
Secreted from Pancreatic Acinar Cells in response to the hormone CCK
190
Digestive Enzymes function best at what?
An Alkaline pH
191
Pancreatic Amylase
Digests Starch
192
Pancreatic Proteases
Digests Protein
193
Pancreatic Lipase
Digests lipids
194
Pancreatic and Gastric Lipase both work to digest Lipids, but do what differently?
Have slightly different mechanisms of action and function at different pH levels
195
Pancreatic Lipase is the more what?
Significant player
196
Pancreatic Nucleases
Digest Nucleic acids
197
Sodium Bicarbonate
Secreted from Pancreatic Duct Epithelial cells in response to Secretin
198
Sodium Bicarbonate does what?
Converts acidic Chyme to alkaline, halts the activity of Pepsin and gastric lipase, and promotes the activity of Pancreatic Enzymes because they function best as Alkaline
199
Secretion of Sodium Bicarb and Digestive enzymes is under control of what 2 horomones?
CCK and Secretin, which allows for separate control mechanisms
200
CCK
Secreted by the Duodenum and stimulates the release of enzymes from the Pancreatic Acinar Cells
201
Secretin
Secreted by the Duodenum and stimulates the release of Sodium Bicarb from the Pancreatic Duct Epithelial Cells which causes the Pancreas to do its job
202
Hepatic Lobule is the what?
Functional unit of the liver
203
In the Hepatic Lobule, the several Hepatic Sinusoids radiating out from the Central vein are going towards what?
Portal Triads
204
What is the basic function of the Hepatocyte?
To produce Bile
205
Bile
Bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish-brown fluid
206
Humans make roughly how much Bile a day?
500ml
207
What is the purpose of Bile?
Detergent action on particles of dietary fat, causing fat globules to break apart into minute, microscopic fat droplets
208
the 3 basic components of Bile
Bile Salts, Bilirubin and Cholesterol
209
Bile Salts
Aid in the emulsification and assembly of Micelles
210
what percentage of Bile Salts are reabsorbed?
95 percent
211
What percent of bile Salts are excreted in the feces?
5 percent
212
Bile Salts that are reabsorbed is done so by how?
Terminal ileum and returned to the Liver via the Hepatic Portal System for reuse
213
The pathway of which takes reabsorbed Bile Salts via the Terminal Ileum and returned to the Liver by the Hepatic Portal System is called the what?
Enterohepatic Circulation
214
Bilirubin
Derived from Heme when Fixed Macrophages in the Spleen and Liver remove RBC's from circulation
215
Bilirubin is the principal what?
Pigment found in Bile
216
In the process of making Bilirubin, what is the first step?
RBC's are broken down into their Heme and Globin parts
217
In the process of making Bilirubin, what happens when the Globin portion is broken down?
The Globin is broken down into AA's and reused to create other proteins
218
In the Process of making bilirubin, what happens when the Heme portion is broken down?
The Heme is broken down and the iron is removed to be stored for later use during Erythopoiesis
219
The non-iron portion of Heme is converted to what?
Biliverdin and then to Bilirubin
220
Bilirubin enters the blood and is then what?
Transported to the liver where its stored and releases by Hepatocytes as part of Bile
221
Cholesterol
Created by the Liver and/or consumed in the diet
222
Bile is synthesized where?
Hepatocytes
223
How is Bile Transported?
By a Duct System either to the Duodenum for immediate use or the Gallbladder for concentration and temporary storage
224
With the transportation of Bile, the Duct System begins with what?
Bile Cannaliculi
225
Bile Cannaliculi
Small ducts wedged between hepatocytes that collect Bile as it is being produced
226
Bile flows from the Cannaliculi to where?
Bile ducts and then to the R/L Hepatic Ducts
227
From the R/L Hepatic Ducts, where does Bile go to next?
The Common Hepatic Duct and then to the Common Bile Duct
228
From the Common Bile Duct, where does Bile go to next?
Through the Ampulla of Vater, out the Sphincter of Oddi and into the Duodenum
229
When the Sphincter of Oddi is closed due to there being no food in the Duodenum in need of digestion, what happens to the Bile?
It backs up into the Cystic Duct and into the Gallbladder to be concentrated and stored for future use
230
A Portal Triad consists of what?
Bile Duct, Branch of the Hepatic Artery, and a branch of the Hepatic Portal Vein
231
Function of the Liver in Digestion
Create Bile
232
Function of the Liver in Immunity
Kupffer Cells
233
Function of the Liver in Carbohydrate Metabolism
Stores Glycogen, which releases Glucose as needed and helps maintain blood glucose levels
234
3 sections of the Small Intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
235
How long is the Duodenum?
1 foot
236
How long is the Jejunum?
8 feet
237
How long is the Ileum
10 feet
238
Absorption occurs how?
Osmosis, Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Active transport
239
What percentage of absorption takes place in the Small Intestine?
90 percent
240
what percentage of absorption happens in the Stomach and Large Intestine?
10 percent
241
All water absorption in the GI Tract occurs how?
Osmosis from the Lumen of the Intestines through Mucosal Epithelium Cells and into the Blood Capillaries
242
Absorption of water in the Small Intestine depends on what?
The absorption of electrolytes and nutrients to maintain an Osmotic balance within the Blood
243
Absorption of Monosaccharides
Essentially all carbohydrates are absorbed as monosaccharides
244
What does carbohydrates being absorbed as monosaccharides mean?
They absorbed into the Blood capillaries of the Villi
245
Most proteins are absorbed how?
Into Enterocytes in the form of AA's, Dipeptides, or Tripeptides
246
Inside Enterocytes, what happens?
Dipeptides and Tripeptides are digested into single AA's
247
After Dipeptides and Tripeptides are digested within Enterocytes, what happens to the AA's?
Then absorbed into Blood Capillaries of the Villi
248
Triglycerides are composed of what?
Glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
249
Fatty acids can be what?
Short, medium, or long chain
250
Lipids cannot be absorbed as what?
one molecule, rather their components are absorbed as either monoglycerides or free FA's
251
What are Micelles composed of?
Long-Chain FA's, Monosaccharides, Cholesterol, Vitamins DAKE, and other dietary lipids
252
Bile salts keep Micelles what?
Soluble until they can e transported into the Absorptive Cells
253
Chylomicrons are the largest what?
Particles with a protein coat and the largest Lipoprotein
254
Chylomicrons are exocytosed through the what?
Basal Aspect of the Absorptive Cell and transported into the Lacteals
255
Chylomicrons carry what away?
Long-Chain Fatty Acids
256
Some Lipids are what?
Insoluble in water and body fluid
257
In order to be transported within the blood and utilized by body cells, Lipids need to be what?
Combined with protein transporters to be made soluble
258
Types of Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons and LDL
259
Chylomicrons do what?
Transport exogenous Lipids
260
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein)
"Lousy Cholesterol"
261
What are the ideal lab values for LDL?
Low labs
262
HDL's are able to do what?
Remove Cholesterol from buildup within the Arterial Wall
263
When Chyme reaches the Ileum, most Bile Salts are what?
Reabsorbed and transported back to the Liver via Enterohepatic Circulation
264
After Bile salts are reabsorbed and transported back to the Liver in Enterohepatic Circulation, Bilirubin is excreted as what?
Waste
265
Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Included in the Micelles
266
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
DAKE
267
Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Absorbed via Simple Diffusion into the Blood Stream
268
Water-Soluble Vitamins
B and C
269
The Mucosal wall of the Small Intestine is made up of what?
Villi
270
The Villi of the Mucosal Wall in the Small Intestine does what?
Increases Surface Area
271
The Surface area of the Absorptive Cells is made up of what?
Microvilli (Brush Border)
272
Where are the Digestive Enzymes found?
Brush Border (Microvilli)
273
What are the Digestive Enzymes found on the Brush Border?
Maltase, Lactase, and Sucrase
274
Absorptive Cells function primarily in what?
Ion and Water absorption
275
Goblet Cells
Mucus secreting Cells and are single-celled exocrine glands
276
Enteroendocrine Cells
CCK Cells, S Cells, and K Cells
277
The Lamina Propria contain Lacteals embedded within each what?
Villus
278
Lacteals
Lymphatic capillary of the Small Intestine
279
The Lamina Propria also have what embedded within that extend into the Submucosal layer?
Peyer's Patches
280
Peyer's patches
Specific type of MALT
281
First step following a meal in Mechanical Digestion
Segmentation occurs
282
Second Step following a meal in Mechanical Digestion
After most of the food is absorbed, segmentation ceases and Peristalsis begins, traveling in waves across the successfully digested parts of the Small Intestine
283
Third Step following a meal in Mechanical Digestion
The Peristalsis waves propel Chyme onward throuhg the Intestinal Tract, sweeping undigested parts of the stomach and Small Intestine towards the Terminal Ileum
284
The third step of mechanical digestion following a meal is what a phenomenon of what?
The ENS
285
Motilin modifies what?
Activity of Peristalsis wave patterns
286
First step of Chemical digestion in the Small Intestine
Chyme enters the Small Intestine containing partially digested carbs and proteins
287
Second Step of Chemical digestion in the Small intestine
Completion of digestion in the Small Intestine is a collective effort of Bile, Pancreatic Juice, Intestinal Juice and the Brush Border Enzymes
288
Third step of Chemical digestion in the Small Intestine
The final products of digestion are ready for absorption from the Lumen across the Mucosa and into the Blood capillaries or in some cases, the Lymphatic Capillaries
289
Ions and Water absorb into the Blood by what?
Osmosis
290
Monosaccharides, Simple AA's, Dipeptides, Tripeptides, and Short-Medium Chain FA's absorb in the small Intestine by what?
Simple Diffusion
291
Long-Chain FA's are emulsified by what into what?
Bile Salts into Micelles
292
Micelles can be more easily what?
Transported into absorptive cells
293
Micelles are converted into what?
Chylomicrons in the Cells
294
Chylomicrons are transported into the what?
Lacteals
295
Mucosa of the Large Intestine does not have what?
Villi
296
In the Large Intestine, most of the Intestinal Glands only secrete what?
Mucus
297
The Longitudinal Muscles of the Muscularis have what?
3 bands called Taenia Coli
298
Absorption in the Large Intestine is primarily what?
Water, electrolytes and vitamins
299
Deification reflex is primarily under what control?
P-ANS
300
Deification is aided by what?
Voluntary contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles
301
The what can be voluntarily controlled, except in infants
External Anal Sphincter
302
Cephalic Phase Triggers
Smells, sights, or thoughts of food activates the Sensory Receptors
303
Cephalic Phase Effects
Stimulates Salivary and Gastric secretions, and Motility
304
Gastric Phase Triggers
Begins with either: Stomach walls are distended or pH increase
305
With the Gastric Phase Trigger where the Stomach walls are distended, what does that activate?
Stretch receptors
306
With the Gastric Phase trigger where the pH increases, what does that activate?
Chemoreceptors that cause the pH to increase when proteins enter the Stomach and buffer some of the Stomach acid
307
Gastric Phase Effects
Results in waves of Peristalsis and continual flow of Gastric Juices, as well as relaxes the Pyloric Sphincter
308
What do the inhibitory effects do in the Intestinal Phase?
Slows the exit of Chyme from the Stomach and prevents overloading of the Duodenum with more Chyme than it can handle
309
In the Intestinal Phase, what is the response to the inhibitory effects?
The promotion of continued digestion of foods that reached the Small Intestine
310
Intestinal Phase Triggers
Food enters the Duodenum
311
Intestinal Phase Effects
Regulation by both the Neural and Hormonal Component
312
Intestinal Phase Effects by the Neural Component
Stimulated by the distension of the Duodenum
313
What does the Neural regulation of the Intestinal phase trigger?
The Enterogastric reflex which inhibits Gastric Emptying
314
Intestinal Phase Effects by the Hormonal Component
Stimulated by components of the Chyme entering the Intestine
315
What does the Hormonal regulation of the Intestinal phase trigger when it is Chyme with AA or FA?
Stimulates the release of CCK
316
What does the Hormonal regulation of the Intestinal phase trigger when it is Chyme with the acidic component?
Stimulates the release of Secretin
317
Gastric Emptying
Process by which the contents of the stomach are moved into the Duodenum
318
The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) is what?
Intrinsic
319
The Autonomic NS (SANS and PANS) is what?
Extrinsic
320
S
Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland
321
A
Aorta/IVC
322
D
Duodenum (2nd and 3rd parts)
323
P
Pancreas (except the tail)
324
U
Ureters
325
C
Colon (ascending and descending)
326
K
Kidneys
327
E
Esophagus
328
R
Rectum
