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Cell Biology Block 3 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

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1
Q

4 organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

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2
Q

3 main functions of the organs of urinary system

A

Eliminate metabolic waste
Regulate fluid/electrolyte balance
Produce renin and erythropoietin

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3
Q

What part of the kidney arises from the renal pelvis

A

Major calyces (and minor calyces arise from major)

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4
Q
  1. What arteries are between the medullary pyramids
  2. What arteries are at the cortiomedullary junction
  3. What arteries travel in the cortex perpendicular to renal capsule
  4. What arteries enter the renal corpuscle
A
  1. Interlobar arteries
  2. Arcuate arteries (formed from 1.)
  3. Interlobular arteries (formed from 2.)
  4. Afferent arterioles (given off from 3.)
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5
Q

Afferent arterioles divide into

A

Capillaries of glomerulus, which merge into the efferent arterioles which branch into peritubular capillary network

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6
Q

Capillaries from the outermost cortex and renal capsule drain into what vein

A

Stellate veins which drain into interlobular veins (all others drain into veins corresponding to artery they came from)

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7
Q

Vasa recta

  1. Formed by
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Juxtamedullary glomeruli
  2. Long straight vessels that descend alongside the loop of Henle into medulla; make turns and ascend out of medulla
  3. The up and down course maintains osmotic gradient of medulla; also supplies blood to medulla
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8
Q

What is the basic histological unit of kidney

What are its two parts and function of each part

A

Nephron

Renal corpuscle- filtration
Tubular part- absorption/secretion

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9
Q

If there is protein in your urine, what can that indicate

A

There may be a problem with your renal corpuscle

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10
Q
  1. 3 components of the cortical region of the nephron

2. 2 components of medulla region

A
  1. Bowmans capsule, proximal tubule, and distal tubule

2. Collecting duct and loop of Henle

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11
Q
  1. Significance of urinary pole

2. Significance of vascular pole

A
  1. Where the proximal tubule of renal corpuscle originates

2. Where afferent arteriole enters renal corpuscle and efferent arteriole leaves

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12
Q

Two parts of the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and glomerular (Bowmans) capsule

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13
Q
  1. Bowmans capsule consists of two layers. Explain both

2. What is the space between these two layers; what does this space connect with

A
  1. Internal layer envelopes capillaries of glomerulus
    External layer defines the external limits of the renal corpuscle
  2. Urinary space; connects with the lumen of the PCT
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14
Q
  1. Outer layer of Bowmans capsule is made of what kind of epithelium?
  2. Inner layer?
A
  1. Simple squamous

2. Highly specialized cells called podocytes (has many processes)

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15
Q
  1. What is podocalyxin
  2. What is its function
  3. What would happen if it was deleted
A
  1. A membrane protein possessed by podocytes
  2. Affects the function of the actin cytoskeleton
  3. Podocytes fail to form foot processes
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16
Q

Basement membrane of glomerular capillaries is formed by

Function

A

Fusion of endothelial and podocyte basal laminae

Filtration barrier between blood and urinary spce

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17
Q

Chemical composition of glomerular filtrate

A

Similar to plasma except with no protein

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18
Q

Mesangial cells

  1. Location
  2. Function (4)
A
  1. Within the capillary tuft adhering to the capillary walls
  2. Structural support of glomerulus, synthesizes ECM, endocytose molecules trapped by basement membrane, and control blood flow thru glomerulus (contractile)
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19
Q

Mesangial cells have receptors for what two things?

What do these two things do

A

Angiotensin II- causes contraction and decreased blood flow

Atrial naturetic factor- causes relaxation and increased blood flow

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20
Q

Are proximal tubules longer or shorter than distal tubules?

A

Longer; cells of distal convoluted tubule are also smaller

21
Q

What kind of epithelium do proximal tubule cells have

A

Simple cuboidal

22
Q

Two functions of proximal tubule cells

A

Microvilli absorb water, sodium, glucose and amino acids

Secretes creatinine, organic acids, and organic bases derived from the blood

23
Q

Function of tubulovesicles

A

Capture peptides for degradation in lysosomes (peptides are bound to the protein megalin)

24
Q

Where does sodium become concentrated

A

At the tip of the loop of Henle

25
Q

Difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Cortical have short loops of Henle

Juxtamedullary have long loops that extend into the medulla

26
Q

Significance of the long loops of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Establish the osmotic gradient present in the medulla (making it possible to produce hypertonic urine and conserve water)

27
Q

Name 2 things that the PCT has that the DCT does not have

A

DCT does not have brush border or apical canaliculi

28
Q

Distal tubule absorbs __ and secretes __. This is dependent on?

What other two things does it secrete, why?

A

Absorbs sodium, secretes potassium; dependent on aldosterone

Hydrogen and ammonium (acid base balance)

29
Q
  1. Location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

2. Three cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A
  1. Beginning of the DCT

2. Cells of the macula densa, JG cells, and extraglomerular mesangial (lacis) cells

30
Q

How can you differentiate the macula densa cells from other cells of distal tubule

A

Cells of macula densa are slightly taller and nuclei are more closely packed together

31
Q

JG cells

  1. Type of cells
  2. Contain abundant?
  3. Secrete?
A
  1. Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
  2. Secretory granules
  3. Renin
32
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus activates?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

33
Q

Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:

  1. Macula densa cells signal __ cells to do what?
  2. Renin then does what
  3. How is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II
  4. Angiotensin II stimulates ?
A
  1. JG cells to release renin
  2. Activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  3. By angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) on the lung epithelium
  4. Adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
34
Q

This system will be activated whe macula densa cells detect what?

A

When macula densa cells detect a fall in urinary levels of Na+ and Cl-

35
Q

Angiotensin II

  1. Causes?
  2. Stimulates?
A
  1. Increase in vasoconstriction and increase in arterial pressure in blood vessels
  2. Secretion of aldosterone
36
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Acts upon kidney to improve retention of sodium

37
Q

Erythropoietin:

  1. Produced in
  2. Function
  3. Induced by
  4. Clinical significance
A
  1. Peritublar fibroblasts in kidney
  2. Stimulates the production of RBCs in bone marrow
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Can be given to dialysis patients to improve RBC counts
38
Q

Purpose of collecting tubule

A

Connects DCT to a collecting duct. Collecting ducts leave the cortex and travel through medulla to the tips of medullary pyramids

39
Q

How are collecting ducts a major component of concentrating urine?

What type of epithelium are collecting ducts

A

Water is removed from the tubular fluid (concentrating it) as it passes through the osmotic gradient of the medulla

Simple cuboidal epithelium - becomes columnar distally

40
Q

When do collecting ducts become permeable to water

A

In the presence of antidiuretic hormone

~ADH causes aquaporin+ vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane forming a pore for water transport

41
Q
  1. The epithelium of collecting tubules and ducts have what two cell types
  2. Difference in structure
A
  1. Dark cells and light cells (light is more numerous)
  2. Dark - apical folds in plasma membrane
    Light- possess a single cilium
42
Q

Function of dark cells

A

Transport bicarbonate or H+

43
Q

What type of epithelium is the ureter composed of? Why?

A

Transitional epithelium (impermeable to salts and water); urine is no longer modified after it leaves the collecting duct

44
Q

Which has more organized muscle bundles: bladder wall or ureters

A

Ureters

45
Q

What does urinary epithelium have to do in order to adapt to stretch

A

To flatten out, cells have to acquire more plasma to cover the same amount of cytoplasm over expanded SA; vesicles migrate to cell surface to help with this

46
Q

Epithelium of female urethra

  1. Initial segment
  2. Terminal segment
A
  1. Transitional epithelium
  2. Stratified squamous

~mid part is striated muscle (voluntary external sphincter)

47
Q

Epithelium of male urethra:

  1. Prostatic segment
  2. Membranous segment
  3. Penile segment
A
  1. Transitional epithelium
  2. Stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  3. Pseudostratified columnar - becomes stratified squamous at distal end
48
Q

High ADH causes the kidney to?
Low ADH?

So function of ADH

A

High ADH- kidney will produce less urine
Low ADH - kidney will produce more urine

ADH will make the collecting duct permeable to water so that water gets reabsorbed back to circulation and less urine is excreted

Cell Biology Block 3 (8 decks)

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