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Cell Biology Block 3 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 organs of the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina and breasts

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2
Q

What type of epithelium covers the ovaries

What is the tunica albuginea

A

Simple squamous or cubodial

DCT layer under the epithelium

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3
Q

What are located in the superficial surface of the ovary (cortex)

A

Primordial follicles

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4
Q

Layers of the ovary from superficial to deep

What layer contains the follicles

A

Epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex, medulla

In the stroma of the cortex

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5
Q

What is the stroma composed of

Function of stroma

A

Connective tissue with spindle shaped fibroblasts

Respond to hormonal stimuli

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6
Q

What is the medulla composed of

A

Loose connective tissue with a rich vascular bed

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7
Q

Name 3 parts of ovarian follicle from innermost to outermost

A

Zona pellucida, granulosa cells, and theca cells

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8
Q

Basal lamina marks boundary between

Where is it located

A

The follicle and surrounding stroma

It underlies the follicular cells

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9
Q

Primordial follicles:

  1. Where are they located
  2. What do they consist of
A
  1. Superficial layer of the cortical region

2. An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells

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10
Q

Difference in structure of primordial and secondary follicles

A

Secondary follicles have an antrum

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11
Q
  1. When primordial follicle undergoes mitosis, what do they form
  2. What is it then called
  3. As they continue to proliferate what do they form next and what type of epithelium?
A
  1. Single layer of cuboidal cells
  2. Unilaminar primary follicle
  3. Granulosa layer; Stratified follicular epithelium- zona pellucida is also formed
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12
Q

Secondary/antral follicle

  1. What are cumulus oophorus cells
  2. What do these cells contain
A
  1. Cells that protrude towards the interior of the antrum

2. The oocyte and group of follicular cells around the oocyte (corona radiata)

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13
Q

Stromal cells differentiate into (3 differentiations)

A

Theca folliculi-> theca interna -> theca externa

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14
Q

Theca interna consists of ?

What do they synthesize; what does this get converted into

A

Steroid secreting cells

Androstenedione; estrogen (under FSH influence)

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15
Q

All follicles except for one undergo atresia; when is atresia most intense?

A

At times of marked hormone change (after birth, puberty, during pregnancy)

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16
Q

Two menstrual cycles that happen simultaneously

A

Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

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17
Q

Ovarian cycle

  1. Controlled by
  2. Target ovaries to
A
  1. GnRH, LH, and FSH

2. Secretion of estrogen and progesterone

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18
Q

Uterine cycle

  1. Estrogen and progesterone target?
  2. What does this cause?
A
  1. The endometrium of the uterus

2. Causes it to grow and secrete uterine milk into the uterine lumen

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19
Q

Ovarian cycle

  1. First phase is? What days?
  2. In this phase, FSH stimulates?
  3. LH stimulates
  4. Follicular cells secrete?
  5. What gets developed?
A
  1. Follicular phase; days 1-14
  2. Growth from primordial follicle to primary follicle
  3. Estrogen secretion from follicular cells
  4. Zona pellucida
  5. Antrum
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20
Q

Ovarian cycle-Ovulation

  1. Day?
  2. What does ovulation consist of
  3. Stimulus for ovulation?
  4. What is the fate of the follicular cells of the ruptured graffian follicle
A
  1. 14
  2. Rupture of wall of mature follicle and to release oocyte/corona radiata
  3. Surge of LH in response to high levels of estrogen
  4. Remain in the ovary and become corpus luteum
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21
Q

When is first meiotic division completed?

When does second mitotic division begin?
When does it stop?

A

Just prior to ovulation

Right after expulsion of first polar body;
Metaphase

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22
Q

Ovarian cycle- luteal phase

  1. Days?
  2. What happens in this phase
  3. LH levels increase or decrease
A
  1. 14-28
  2. Ruptured follicle transformation into corpus luteum; cells of corpus luteum produce estrogen/progesterone
  3. Decrease from LH surge
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23
Q

Corpus luteum is composed of what two cell types

How do granulosa cells change

A

Granulosa cells and cells of theca interna

They enlarge and take on characteristics of steroid secreting cells; name changes to granulosa lutein cells

24
Q

If fertilization occurs, fertilized egg will secrete __ which does?

A

HCG; simulates continued secretion of LH to prevent degeneration of corpus luteum

25
Q

What kind of epithelium do the fallopian tubes have; why?

A

Ciliated columnar; important for movement

26
Q

3 layers of the fallopian tube

A

Mucosa, muscularis and serosa

27
Q

Mucosa of fallopian tube:

  1. What type of epithelium
  2. Two cell types?
  3. Estrogen causes?
  4. Progesterone causes?
A
  1. Simple columnar
  2. One ciliated and one secretory
  3. Hypertrophy and ciliogenesis
  4. Increases number of secretory cells
28
Q

Fallopian tube secretions do what two things?

A

Contain nutrients for oocyte and promote capacitation of spermatozoa

29
Q

What does the fundus of the uterus do

A

Connects to the 2 fallopian tubes

30
Q

3 layers of the wall of the uterus from outermost to innermost

A
  1. Serosa of peritoneum or connective tissue adventitia (perimetrium)
  2. Muscular layer (myometrium)
  3. Mucosal layer (endometrium)
31
Q

Endometrium

  1. Has two layers; what do they consist of
  2. Epithelium and lamina propria contain?
  3. Name of the two layers and their function
A
  1. Superficial simple columnar epithelium and deep LCT containing vessels and uterine glands
  2. Simple tubular glands
  3. Stratum functionale - superficial layer that is lost in menstruation
    Stratum basale- deeper; serves as source of regeneration of the stratum functionale
32
Q

Blood supply of endometrium

  1. What is a branch of uterine artery? What is a branch from this artery
  2. Radial arteries enter?
  3. What do the radial arteries become when they enter the stratum functionale
A
  1. Arcuate arteries are branch of uterine artery; radial arteries are branch of arcuate artery
  2. Stratum basale
  3. Spiral arteries
33
Q

Perimetrium is similar to

A

Visceral peritoneum

34
Q

3 phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle and their days

A

Menstrual phase: days 1-5
Proliferative phase: days 6-14
Secretory phase: days 15-28

35
Q

Menstrual phase:

1. Caused by ?

A
  1. Decreased estrogen levels from degeneration of the corpus luteum
36
Q

Proliferative phase

  1. What stimulates endometrium growth in this phase
  2. During this phase there is an increase in what and development of what
A
  1. Increase in estrogen levels during follicular phase

2. Increase in vascular supply; development of exocrine secreting uterine glands

37
Q

Secretory phase

  1. Secretion of?
  2. Stimulated by?
A
  1. Uterine milk into uterus

2. Increase in progesterone levels during luteal phase

38
Q

3 ways endometrium changes in preparation for implantation:

  1. At the beginning of cycle
  2. Middle of cycle
  3. End of cycle
A
  1. Decrease in thickness (sheds)
  2. Increases in thickness
  3. Secretes uterine milk to nourish fertilized egg
39
Q

Stratum functionalis

  1. Location
  2. What does it contain
A
  1. Borders uterine lumen

2. Contains uterine glands

40
Q

Menstrual phase:

1. Initiated by

A
  1. Rapid decline of progesterone levels when the corpus luteum stops functioning
41
Q

Proliferative phase

  1. Coincides with what?
  2. What induces cell proliferation in the endometrium
A
  1. Rapid growth of a group of follicles and their secretion of estrogen
  2. Estrogen
42
Q

If implantation occurs, menstrual phase is replaced by?

A

Gravid phase

43
Q
  1. What are decidual cells?

2. What is decidua?

A
  1. Enlarged, protein secreting stromal fibroblasts that appear after implantation
  2. This is what the endometrium is referred to after implantation
44
Q

What is the location of the following parts of the decidua:

  1. Decidua basalis
  2. Decidua capsularis
  3. Decidua parietalis
A
  1. Between embryo and myometrium
  2. Between embryo and lumen of the uterus
  3. The remainder
45
Q

Type of epithelium of the following:

  1. Normal cervix
  2. Endocervix
  3. Endocervical glands
A
  1. Stratified non-keratinizing squamous epithelium
  2. Tall mucinous columnar cells
  3. Tall mucinous columnar cells
46
Q

Cervical canal has what epithelium

Mucosa of cervix contains

A

Mucus secreting, simple columnar epithelium

Large branched glands

47
Q
  1. When is cervical mucus the least viscous?

2. What happens to cervical mucus during pregnancy

A
  1. At mid cycle (to help sperm migration)

2. Becomes more viscous; creates mucus plug

48
Q

Transformation zone:

  1. What is the ectocervix
  2. Ectocervix has what epithelium
  3. Endocervix has what epithelium
  4. Where is this transformation zone located
  5. This is site of?
A
  1. Portion of cervix protruding into the vagina
  2. Stratified squamous
  3. Mucus secreting columnar mucosa
  4. Just outside the cervical os; and in the cervical canal before puberty/after menopause
  5. Metaplasia and dysplastic changes (potential for cancer)
49
Q

3 layers of the vagina

A

Mucosal, muscular, and adventitial

50
Q

Vagina

  1. Type of epithelium
  2. What happens to epithelial cells of the vagina during follicular phase
  3. Lamina propria/adventitial layer are rich in
A
  1. Stratified, squamous non-keratinized that lacks glands
  2. Cells synthesize and accumulate glycogen as they migrate towards the surface
  3. Elastic fibers
51
Q

Mammary glands:

  1. Consists of
  2. Each lobe opens through its own duct; what are the 2 parts of the duct
  3. What type of epithelium of duct
  4. Transitions into what two other types of epithelium in rest of duct system
A
  1. 15-20 lobes of branched tubuloalveolar glands
  2. Lactiferous duct (dilated portion) and lactiferous sinus (just before it opens to the surface)
  3. Stratified squamous
  4. 2 layered cuboidal in sinus; simple columnar or cuboidal in rest of system
52
Q

What is contained in the inactive gland

What is a lobule

DCT beyond the lobule contains

A

Ducts surrounded by LCT containing lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts

Ducts + surrounding LCT

Adipocytes

53
Q

Myoepithelial cells

  1. Where are they present
  2. Cells of __ origin
  3. Lie within epithelium between?
A
  1. Ductal and secretory portion of the gland
  2. Ectodermal
  3. Surface epithelial cells and basal lamina
54
Q

Mammary gland in pregnancy

  1. What begins to develop
  2. What decreases
  3. Estrogen stimulates?
  4. Progesterone stimulates?
  5. 3 other important hormones
A
  1. Ducts branch and alveoli develop
  2. Amount of adipose and connective tissue
  3. Duct growth
  4. Alveolar growth
  5. Prolactin, human placental lactogen, and adrenal glucocorticoids
55
Q

Lactation

  1. How are protein components released
  2. How is lipid released
  3. What is the first secretion released; how is it different than milk produced later on
A
  1. By merocrine secretion (vesicle membranes fuse with plasma membrane of cell)
  2. By apocrine secretion
  3. Colostrum (contains more protein and less fat/carbs compared to milk; also contains antibodies (IgA))
56
Q

Role of the following cells in milk secretion

  1. Luminal cells
  2. Myoepithelial cells
A
  1. Secrete milk into the ductal lumen

2. Contract to aid in ejection of milk

57
Q

What is endometriosis

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

Cell Biology Block 3 (8 decks)

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