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Human Organs and Tissues > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the
1. Nephrologist
2. Urologist
study?

A
  1. Upper urinary tract (kidney, ureter)

2. Lower urinary tract (bladder, urethra)

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2
Q

Function of the

  1. Valves at ureter
  2. Urethral spinchter
A
  1. Prevent reflux into the kidney

2. Prevent bacteria from climbing into the bladder

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3
Q

Homeostatic roles of the kidney

A

Regulation of ECF
Regulation of blood osmolarity
Maintenance of electrolyte balance (Na, K, Cl, Ca)
Regulate blood pH
Excrete waste (creatinine, urea, drugs, etc)
Hormone production

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4
Q

3 main events that contribute to homeostasis in the kidney

A
  1. Glomerular filtration: removes solutes from the blood
  2. Tubular reabsorption: most nutrients are reabsorbed by active or passive transport
  3. Tubular secretion: solutes and waste are being secreted into the collective ducts, flowing to the bladder as urine
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5
Q

Glomerulus

A

Filters small solutes from the blood
Afferent arteriole in, efferent out
Endothelial cells are highly permeable, allowing solutes to pass easily
Ions pass via passive diffusion but macromolecules do not
What exits: water, glucose, amino acids, Na, urea

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6
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Volume of the glomerular filtration formed per minute by the kidneys
120mL/min or 180L/day
Filtration depends on high pressure

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7
Q

Podocytes

A

Highly specialized cells
Form multiple interdigitating foot processes
Are interconnected and cover the exterior basement membrane surface of the glomerular capillary
Contributes to 40% of the hydraulic resistance of the filtration barrier
Damage leads to a retraction of foot processes and proteinuria

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8
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption tubule to capillary
Reabsorbs ions, water and nutrients
Removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH
Lined by simple cuboidal brush border epithelium
Nearly all of the essential nutrients and 70-80% of the electrolytes and water are reabsorbed
Also helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluids by selective secretion of H+, NH2 and K+ into the filtrate and by absorption of HCO3

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9
Q

What is
1. Secreted
2. Absorbed
by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  1. H+, NH3, K+

2. HCO3

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10
Q

Descending loop of Henle

A

Aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
Tubule gets more concentrated
Permeable to water, but almost impermeable to electrolytes

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11
Q

Ascending loop of Henle

A

Reabsorbes Na and Cl from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
Tubule gets diluted again
Impermeable to water but allows the transport of electrolytes actively or passively

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12
Q

Distal tubule

A

Lined with simple cuboidal cells lacking brush border
Primary site for kidney-hormone based regulation of K, Na, Ca, and pH
Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

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13
Q

Collecting duct

A

Connects nephron to ureter
Na and water resorption, K secretion
Regulated by ADH and vasopressin

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14
Q

Aldosterone and vasopressin (ADH) both…

A

Promote water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine

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15
Q

4 hormones made in the kidney

A

Calcitriol
Klotho
Renin
EPO

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16
Q

Calcitriol

A

Produced by proximal tubular cells (epithelial cells of the brush border)
Physiologically active form of vitamin D, contributes to bone mineralization by regulating homeostasis of Ca and phosphate
Also affects erythropoiesis and the activity of leukocytes
Inhibits renin expression

17
Q

Klotho

A

Produced by distal tubular cells

Regulates Ca and phosphate homeostasis, contributing to bone mineralization

18
Q

Renin

A

Produced by juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells (smooth muscle cells) located in the media layer of afferent arterioles
Control of BP
When blood volume or Na+ in the body are low, or blood K+ is high, cells release renin it converts angiotensinogen (made in liver) to AG1. ACE in the lungs metabolizes angiotensin 1 into 2. AII causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to increase

19
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin
Produced by interstitial fibroblast-like cells located between proximal tubules
Maintains RBC mass by promoting the survival, proliferation and differentiation of progenitors
Hypoxia stops the inhibition of EPO promoter

20
Q

Difference between a zymogen and a preprohormone

A

Zymogen becomes an enzyme when it is cleaved

Preprohormone once cleaved becomes a hormone and can interact with a receptor (ex: vasopressin)

21
Q

Ureter structure

A

Lined with transitional epithelium
Folded lamina propria and lumen allow expansion
3 muscle layers in the proximal third, only 2 in the rest
Capable of peristaltic waves

22
Q

3 muscle layers in the proximal third of the ureter

A 
Inner longitudinal
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal (not in the rest)
23
Q

Capacity of the bladder

A

300-500mL

24
Q

Changes in epithelium in the FEMALE urethra

A

From transitional at the bladder to non-keratinizing stratified squamous distally

25
Q

Changes in the epithelium in the MALE urethra

A

Changes to pseudostratified through prostatic, membranous and most of the penile urethra, then to non-keratinizing stratified squamous distally

26
Q

Kidney and ureteral stones

A

Develop in the kidneys when there are crystals in the urine and small particles surround and collect on these crystals
Ureteral stones: moved from kidney into ureter

27
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Multiple possible causes but injury to glomeruli results in high levels of protein in the urine
Low levels of albumin in the blood
Leakage of fluid out of the peripheral blood vessels (ankle swelling)

28
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

Diseases that affect the tubules and interstitium
Blood in the urine
High blood pressure
Decreased GFR
More “inflammation” than in nephrotic syndrome

29
Q

What is the most common cause of UTIs

A

Uropathogenic E. coli

30
Q

Vesicoureteric reflux

A

Urine backing into the kidneys

Major host determinant in the localization and severity of UTI

31
Q

4 Non-immune innate defenses

A

Urine flow
Bactericidal factors in urine
Sloughing infected epithelial cells
Tamm Horsfall Protein

32
Q

Bactericidal factors in the urine (4)

A

NO
Defensins
Lactoferrin
Bacterial receptor analogs

33
Q

Tamm Horsfall Protein

A

Made in the kidney
Prevents attachement of fimbriated E. coli to epithelial cells
Intended to prevent the crystals forming in your urine

Human Organs and Tissues (11 decks)

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